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Published in Albert Thumann, Scott Dunning, Plant Engineers and Managers Guide to Energy Conservation, 2020
Henry M. Healey, Paul L. McCrone
The cost of the solar system for the example can be estimated from the size of the system (total area of the solar array) and historical cost information or construction cost-data manuals. The installed cost of a solar water heating system would be expected to be $65-$125 per square foot of collector ($/sf) for C&I installations, although some small systems or those requiring more extensive building integration can run up to $150/psf. This example water heating system is estimated to have a cost of $36,000, based on an installed cost of $75/SF of collector area and a well-designed building integration plan. The cost appears reasonable for an installation that can be readily installed without requiring any specialized equipment or building modification. Operating and maintenance costs would be expected to add 1% ($360 per year, or approximately $7,200 over the 20-year life of the solar system), resulting in a total life cycle cost of $43,200 for the installation in present dollars.
Waste Heat Recovery
Published in Albert Thumann, D. Paul Mehta, Handbook of Energy Engineering, 2020
This device consists of two heat exchangers, a compressor and an expansion device. A liquid or a mixture of liquid and vapor of a pure chemical species flows through an evaporator, where it absorbs heat at low temperature and, in doing so, is completely vaporized. The low temperature vapor is compressed by a compressor which requires external work. The work done on the vapor raises its pressure and temperature to a level where its energy becomes available for use. The vapor flows through a condenser where it gives up its energy as it condenses to a liquid. The liquid is then expanded through a device back to the evaporator where the cycle repeats. The heat pump was developed as a space heating system where low temperature energy from the ambient air, water, or earth is raised to heating system temperatures by doing compression work with an electric motor-driven compressor. The performance of the heat pump is ordinarily described in terms of the coefficient of performance or COP, which is defined as )COP= Heat transferred in condenser Compressor work
Energy Basics/Foundation for Understanding
Published in Dale R. Patrick, Stephen W. Fardo, Ray E. Richardson, Brian W. Fardo, Energy Conservation Guidebook, 2020
Dale R. Patrick, Stephen W. Fardo, Ray E. Richardson, Brian W. Fardo
Energy is known to exist in a variety of different forms. Among these are heat, light, chemical, electrical, sound, mechanical, and nuclear. As a general rule, energy changes rather easily from one form to another. The steam-driven turbine generator of a power plant is designed to convert heat energy into electrical energy. The heating system of a building operates by converting the chemical energy of gas or fuel into a usable form of heat. Electrical energy may also be converted into light, heat, or mechanical energy through the use of different equipment. The capacity of energy to do work makes all of this possible.
The United Nations World Water Development Report 2022 on groundwater, a synthesis
Published in LHB, 2022
Large modern buildings (offices, data centres, hospitals, etc.) have a large cooling requirement, even in winter and in temperate climates. Many industrial processes also have cooling requirements, and the need for low-carbon cooling will likely increase as climate change progresses. Cool shallow groundwater (e.g. 10–12°C in many parts of the United Kingdom) is well suited for receiving surplus heat and effecting cooling, via a well doublet arrangement. Cool shallow groundwater can also be used for heating via ground source heat pumps. A heat pump is an electrically powered refrigerant device that transfers heat from a cold medium (e.g. groundwater at 10°C) to a warm medium (e.g. a central heating system at 45°C). Although wind and solar technologies can generate low-carbon electricity, relatively few technologies exist to provide low-carbon heating. The heat pump is a key technology that utilises electricity highly efficiently to deliver heating and cooling. It may be able to deliver 3.5 kW of heat to a building for every 1 kW of electrical power consumed, resulting in dramatic reductions in cost and CO2 emissions. As of 2020, around 6.5 million geothermal heat pumps are thought to be installed worldwide, representing the fastest growing part of the geothermal sector (112).
Decision-making on HVAC&R systems selection: a critical review
Published in Intelligent Buildings International, 2018
Mehdi Shahrestani, Runming Yao, Geoffrey K Cook, Derek Clements-Croome
Thiel and Mroz (2001) conducted research into the selection of heating systems for museums. In this study, three alternative heating systems were considered including, gas-fired boiler, oil-fired boiler and electrical heating system. Five criteria were defined to evaluate the systems. These criteria were energy consumption, system durability, practical installation difficulties, insurance cost and total cost which include investment and operation costs. To perform a formal multiple criteria decision-making process, the ELECTRE III method (Roy 1996) was adopted. The outcome of this study revealed that, despite the significant lower running costs offered by the first two alternatives, the electrical heating system was selected as the most appropriate heating system. This alternative was selected mainly due to its high score with respect to its ease of installation which was the most important criterion for the decision makers. In addition, high durability of this system, which is of paramount importance for museums, was a contributing factor for this decision (Thiel and Mroz 2001).