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Electric resistive welding
Published in Andrew Livesey, Alan Robinson, The Repair of Vehicle Bodies, 2018
Resistance welding is a joining process belonging to the pressure welding sector. With its locally applied heat and pressure it has an obvious relationship with the forge welding technique practised by blacksmiths when joining metal. The resistance welding process was invented in 1877 by Professor E. Thomson of Philadelphia, USA, when an accidental short circuit gave him the idea for what was originally termed short circuit welding. From the beginning of the twentieth century it was used on a small scale in industry, but it was only after the Second World War that resistance spot welding had its real beginning in the automobile industry. It has since grown to be the most important method of welding used in the construction and mass production of vehicle bodies.
Experimental Characterization of Ancient Metal Tie-Rods in Historic Masonry Buildings
Published in International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 2019
Chiara Calderini, Paolo Piccardo, Rita Vecchiattini
Figure 12 collects pictures showing multiple lines of differing color (mainly orange or yellow but also dark blue) parallel to the longitudinal axe and passing through the ferritic volumes. Overheating due to hot forge may also give similar features but only showing very thin monochrome lines (i.e., 04.Li.GE; Figure 12). The P is poorly soluble in the austenite and while the bar is kept at a high temperature it may form a dual distribution between the austenitic and the ferritic areas. Its origin is mainly related to the ores but may be related to the usage of organic deoxidizing powders (e.g., burned horns or bones) during the forge welding process. The resulting microstructures makes the presence of even small amount of P (i.e., <0.6wt%) detectable by Klemm’s etching solution (Piccardo et al. 2008, 2004). P is the second most effective alloying element to strengthen the ferrite without forming second phases.
Effect of Fe particles on the microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of friction welded Al-Cu components
Published in Australian Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2022
Abin Joe Alex, Vaira Vignesh R., R. Padmanaban, M. Govindaraju
Solid-state welding is a material joining process in which both heat and pressure are applied simultaneously to achieve a good joint. The main advantage of this process is that the operating temperature is much lower than the conventional welding process. Also, this technique ensures a good bond strength with significantly less or no slag formation. Based on the application of heat and pressure, solid-state welding is classified as forge welding, friction welding, ultrasonic welding, explosive welding, and diffusive bonding.