China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Underground Distribution
Published in T. A. Short, Electric Power Distribution Handbook, 2018
Ethylene–Propylene Rubber. EPR compounds are polymers made from ethylene and propylene. Manufacturers offer different ethylene–propylene formulations, which collectively are referred to as EPR. EPR compounds are thermoset, normally with a high-temperature steam curing process that sets cross-linking agents. EPR compounds have high concentrations of clay fillers that provide its stiffness. EPR is very flexible and rubbery. When new, EPR only has half of the insulation strength as XLPE, but as it ages, its insulation strength does not decrease nearly as much as that of XLPE. EPR is naturally quite resistant to water trees, and EPR has a proven reliable record in the field. EPR has very good high-temperature performance. Although soft, it deforms less at high temperature than XLPE and maintains its insulation strength well at high temperature (Brown, 1983). Most new EPR cables are rated to 105°C under normal conditions and to 140°C for emergency conditions, the MV-105 designation per UL Standard 1072. (Historically, both XLPE and EPR cables were rated to 90°C normal and 130°C emergency.) In addition to its use as cable insulation, most splices and joints are made of EPR compounds. EPR has higher dielectric losses than XLPE; depending on the particular formulation, EPR can have two to three times the losses of XLPE to over 10 times the losses of XLPE. These losses increase the cost of operation over its lifetime. While not as common or as widely used as XLPE in the utility market, EPR dominates for medium-voltage industrial applications.
Monomers, Polymers, and Plastics
Published in James G. Speight, Handbook of Petrochemical Processes, 2019
Ethylene-propylene rubber (EPR) is a stereoregular copolymer of ethylene and propylene. Elastomers of this type do not possess the double bonds necessary for cross-linking. A third monomer, usually a mono-conjugated diene, is used to provide the residual double bonds needed for cross-linking. The 1,4-hexadiene and ethylidene norbornene are examples of these dienes. The main polymer chain is completely saturated while the unsaturated part is pending from the main chain. The product elastomer, termed ethylene-propylene terepolymer, can be cross-linked using sulfur. Cross-linking ethylene-propylene rubber is also possible without using a third component (a diene). This can be done with peroxides.
Global Electronic Waste Management
Published in Abhijit Das, Biswajit Debnath, Potluri Anil Chowdary, Siddhartha Bhattacharyya, Paradigm Shift in E-waste Management, 2022
Mahadi Hasan Masud, Monjur Mourshed, Mosarrat Mahjabeen, Anan Ashrabi Ananno, Peter Dabnichki
In this way, EPR and ARF have been considered the backbone of the organized WEEEM system, as Switzerland is the pioneer to adopt this system globally. Developed countries like USA and EU countries have started developing standardized disposal, collection, and recycling systems to form an effective income stream. EPR is considered a powerful tool for e-waste management that encourages value recovery and recycle before disposal. It has set policies for applying the principles of completing and extending product useful lifetime and effective collection and processing for recycling and recovery after the products’ EoL. The core content of EPR is the identification of active TBS or design for the environment (DfE)components for safe e-waste disposal (Palmeira, Guarda, and Kitajima 2018). Conversely, due to this strict environmental legislation, first world countries using developing and under-developed countries like India, China, African countries as dumping sites simulating donation or take back strategies (Kumar, Holuszko, and Espinosa 2017). Based on socio-economic conditions, infrastructure for e-waste management (formal and informal), government support (financial and legal), some discrepancies have been identified while the same EPR schemes are applied in both developed and developing countries (Sepúlveda et al. 2010). Hence, Herat and Pariatamby (Herat and Agamuthu 2012) suggested some modifications of EPR for developing countries (Herat and Agamuthu 2012). Moreover, in low and middle-income countries, informal sectors are mainly engaged due to the lack of strict e-waste management legislation, and this practice acts as the main reason behind improper e-waste management (Srivastava and Pathak 2020).
A human-machine interaction framework for identifying factors influential consumer participation in e-waste treatment schemes
Published in International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing, 2023
Sasan Nowruzi, Sajjad Shokouhyar, Omid Dehghan, Navid Nezafati, Sina Shokoohyar
To overcome the resource-based constraints and reduce the environmental impacts, a circular economy and closed-loop supply chain provide the possibility of improving management by creating sustainable consumption models (Kalmykova, Sadagopan, and Rosado 2018; Moraga et al. 2019; Wieser and Tröger 2016). It is essential to adopt certain official policies, rules, and regulations and provide the conditions for the cooperation of consumers with the official sector channels and take the required measures in this respect. Treatment schemes based on Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) can be used to help achieve such goals. For example, the EPR makes recycling possible through official channels (Ongondo, Williams, and Cherrett 2011). EPR was introduced in the past few decades as a principal in the public cycle management of products with a fundamental approach toward green economy development. In traditional waste management, governments are responsible for disposing of the products, while producers are only responsible for producing and selling their products. However, according to this principle, producers are responsible for the recycling and disposal of products based on ownership-responsibility, physical responsibility, economic responsibility, and finally, information responsibility, and they must internalize their responsibility to protect the environment (Yi et al. 2016; Bhadra and Mishra 2021; Dwiedy and Mittal 2013). Also, DIRECTIVE 2012/19/EU aimed to increase the collection of WEEE and proper processing of collected waste that depends on consumers’ behavior and waste disposal patterns (Ylä-Mella et al. 2014). Therefore, creating effective systems for waste management, treatment processes, and necessary mechanisms begins with the participation of consumers. Consumers’ views and, consequently, their behavior play an essential role in better planning and more appropriate design of the e-waste management system (Pérez-Belis, Bovea, and Simó 2015). On the other hand, the start of practical actions of governments, producers, and their partners to design an effective e-waste management system relies on identifying these consumers’ motives and behaviors (Wang et al. 2011; Kumar 2019).