China
Africa
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Biofuel and biomass renewable growth management
Published in Henry K. H. Wang, Renewable Energy Management in Emerging Economies, 2020
In Africa, there have been rising interests in biofuel production and applications in various African countries. A good example is that the Nigerian government has recently developed and launched a new national biofuels strategy in 2016. Despite significant attempts by some African countries to develop and enact new biofuels strategies, the overall development of biofuel production in Africa has been slow. One of the key hurdles has been problems in accessing appropriate international biofuel technologies by local African biofuel companies. Some promising new developments have occurred recently. A good example is that the Nigeria National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) has announced plans to set up a new bio-refinery which will use agricultural products to produce bioethanol and other biofuel products. Union Dicon Salt has also agreed to a joint biofuel project with Delta State from Nigeria. They are planning to jointly plant 100,000 hectares of cassava and to build an ethanol processing plant which will produce 22,000 litres a day biofuel along with starch products. Biofuels Nigeria has also been planning to build a new biodiesel plant in Kogi State using jatropha as feedstock. In South Africa, Ethala Biofuels had announced plans for a sweet sorghum bio-refinery project which will produce ethanol and other products.
Meteorological Configurations for Atmospheric Pollution by Cassava Cyanides in Tropical Locations
Published in Mark Anglin Harris, Confronting Global Climate Change, 2019
Otuu et al. (2013) found that clustering of cassava processing plants in many localities in Nigeria without any designated site for waste disposal such as occurs in the Akwuke and Abakpa-Nike areas of the Enugu metropolis, is very common. Buildings without adequate designated sites for disposal of cassava solid peels and liquid wastes remain a health concern. Unprocessed cassava is cyanogenic, highly toxic and increasingly imported into countries with little knowledge of toxicity risks (Burns et al. 2012). The WHO unsafe intake level is >10 ppm (Ojiambo et al. 2017). Cassava problems also occur in extratropical countries. For example, in Melbourne, Australia, a sample of ready-to-eat cassava chips contained 292 ppm of HCN (Burns et al. 2012). Thus a child having a body weight of 20 kg needed to have eaten just 40–270 g to have ingested a lethal dose (Burns et al. 2012).
Biomass
Published in Roy L. Nersesian, Energy Economics, 2016
Making ethanol from the residue of a plant after the food portion has been removed is a way to increase its value. Cassava is an edible starchy tuberous root. Tapioca is the starch removed from the cassava root and is a major source of carbohydrates. Cassava, known by a variety of names, is the second most popular crop in Africa, fourth in Southeast Asia, fifth in Latin America and the Caribbean, and seventh in Asia. Its highest yields are achieved in Thailand because of less exposure to disease and pests and intensive crop management including irrigation and fertilizers. Cassava has a high tolerance for marginal soils and drought, which explains its popularity throughout the developing world. A demonstration plant is being built in Thailand by a Japanese company to produce ethanol from residue after extracting tapioca.67
Extensive experimental validation of a model for pneumatic drying of cassava starch
Published in Drying Technology, 2023
Arnaud Chapuis, Charlene Lancement, Francisco Giraldo, Marcelo Precoppe, Martin Moreno, Dominique Dufour, Thierry Tran
Cassava is a strategic agricultural value chain in many tropical countries, providing staple food products for an estimated 800 million people[1] and contributing to food security. In sub-Saharan Africa in particular, cassava consumption is typically between 100 and 250 kg/capita/year depending on the country, whereas in Europe and North America consumption of roots and tuber crops hovers around 60 kg/capita/year, mainly potatoes.[2] While cassava is well-liked for its tolerance to drought and ability to grow even in poor soils, its roots are highly perishable and start to spoil within 48 hours after harvest, through a process known as physiological post-harvest deterioration.[3] Post-harvest processing plays therefore a key role in transforming fresh roots quickly, either for direct consumption (e.g., as boiled cassava) or for extending shelf-life by producing dried products (e.g., gari, fufu flour, cassava flour, starch) that can be stored and commercialized over longer periods. Post-harvest processing determines the quality and food safety of cassava end-products. Beyond product quality, processing is also key in improving the sustainability of cassava value chains: by optimizing processing technologies, it is possible to reduce energy and water consumption, product losses, production costs, and the overall environmental footprint of cassava industries.
Efficient production of ε-poly-l -lysine using cassava starch and fish meal by Streptomyces albulus FQC-24
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2022
Yi Zhang, Jing Bai, Chenqi Wu, Yue Wang, Xin Ju, Xin Qi, Liangzhi Li, Lilian Ji, Jiaolong Fu
Cassava is a kind of tropical perennial plant, growing in poor or depleted soils and widely planted in Africa, Southeast Asia, and South China.[10] Cassava tubers are very rich in starch, which accounts for 80% of dry weight.[11] CS, cassava bagasse, and cassava powder have already been reported for the productions of bioethanol,[12] bio-butanol,[13]l-lactic acid,[14] and so on.[15] Cassava starch (CS) and fish meal (FM) could be appropriate alternatives for cost down. However, there are rarely reports regard to the production of ε-PL. Cassava is a high-yield crop, which has been promoted to the forefront of the development of clean and renewable energy rather than staple food. We focused on whether CS could completely replace refined glucose in the M3G, the most common carbon source for ε-PL production. Because glucose is the dominant carbon source in the traditional biosynthetic processes of ε-PL. In addition, FM is a high-protein feed produced by processing fish, rich in various amino acids, especially lysine, methionine, and tryptophan.[16] FM, as an inexpensive organic nitrogen source, has been successfully used for the production of delta-endotoxin[17] and ε-PL.[7] So far, it has been barely documented that FM as the only organic nitrogen source was applied to ε-PL production.
Extract of cassava waste as a lixiviant for gold leaching from electronic waste
Published in Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews, 2022
Yuranan Photharin, Sirilak Wangngae, Utumporn Ngivprom, Kantapat Chansaenpak, Anyanee Kamkaew, Rung-Yi Lai
Cyanogenic plants (33) producing cyanogenic glycosides can be exploited because gold cyanidation is simple with high dissolution efficiency of gold (19). Among cyanogenic plants, cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz, Euphorbiaceae) attracted our attention. According to the report of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (34), cassava is the fourth most important food staple worldwide with a global production of approximately 300 million tons in 2020. Cassava is a particularly important crop in the tropics and subtropics, including Africa, Asia, the Pacific Islands, and Central and South America (35). Cassava contains two cyanogenic: linamarin and a small amount of lotaustralin (36). When cassava tissue is crushed, linamarin is catalytically hydrolyzed by linamarase (37) to generate acetone cyanohydrin followed by the spontaneous release of HCN and acetone (Figure 1B). The total cyanide contents produced by different cassava species and parts range from 1 to 2000 ppm (mg HCN equivalent/kg material) (36), similar to or much higher than the amounts produced by cyanogenic microbes (17, 18). Therefore, cassava is a potential bio-lixiviant source that has not yet been exploited.