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Electric Power: Microgrids
Published in Brian D. Fath, Sven E. Jørgensen, Megan Cole, Managing Air Quality and Energy Systems, 2020
Over 2,000 CHP systems across the U.S.A provide nearly 2.3 GW of capacity (Darrow et al. 2017). These systems are fossil fuel generators like reciprocating engines and turbogenerators that capture and use engine waste heat to supply building heating and cooling needs. In making use of heat that is otherwise dissipated to the environment, CHP provides two benefits: it increases the efficiency of fuel use, from 25–45% in standalone (i.e., non-CHP) generators to 65–80% in generators with heat recovery, and it reduces (and can eliminate) direct gas combustion for heating as well as electricity for cooling, thereby reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the commercial and residential sectors. CHP is successful in reducing emissions today because the combustion of gas to meet electrical and thermal energy demand in concert results in a lower carbon intensity (gCO2/MJ) than the separate production of electricity from the bulk grid and heat from a gas boiler or furnace.
Unit Commitment and Economic Dispatch for Operations Planning of Power Systems with Significant Installed Wind Power Capacity
Published in João P. S. Catalão, Electric Power Systems, 2017
Barry G. Rawn, Madeleine Gibescu, Bart C. Ummels, Engbert Pelgram, Wil L. Kling
Some power systems include CHP units, which serve a local demand for heat by providing steam, and also generate electricity. The benefits of CHP include a very high overall fuel efficiency (electricity plus heat), up to 87% at the best operating point. However, the operation of CHP units is dominated by the local demand for heat or steam. Therefore, they introduce the influence of another varying input. Additionally, CHP units have operating constraints associated with the technical operational area (power P and heat H) and with their operational status due to heat demand. The operation area of each CHP unit can be described as a set of n linear inequality constraints of the type: diP+eiH≥fi
Applying Technology to Sustainability, Part I
Published in Julie Kerr, Introduction to Energy and Climate, 2017
There are three types of CHP systems available—the Combustion Engine, Gas Turbine, and Fuel Cell. All three systems use clean burning and plentiful natural gas: Combustion Engines resemble, in many ways, a car engine, and can be sized from 10 to 100 kilowatts per unit. Combinations of several 100 kilowatts units are often used in tandem to create systems large enough for multifamily housing or commercial use.Gas Turbine units can be as small as 50 kilowatts and go up from there to megawatt unit systems.Fuel Cell systems are incredibly efficient in their use of natural gas, and as such, produce virtually no emissions, making these units very environmentally friendly. The most common type of fuel cell is the Solid Oxide Fuel Cell. With a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell, electricity and heat are produced as natural gas (methane) that is passed over a series of plates, creating an electro-chemical reaction. The heat is very high quality and is around 538°C. The extremely efficient use of the fuel is the reason for the virtual emission-free output.
A systematic review on optimal placement of CHP
Published in Smart Science, 2023
The major benefit of CHP is that, it recovers waste heat from power generation, decreasing total fuel usage and greenhouse gas emissions. The use of carbon-neutral, renewable fuels, and renewable CHP significantly decrease the carbon intensity of power generation. It is intended to utilize renewable fuels or feedstocks. The CHP technology allows us to optimally manage power and heat demand while integrating the maximum number of renewables into our power and heat mix. There are three types of renewable CHP fuels: - Solid biomass: – non-fossilized carbon-based solid materials obtained from plant or animal material are referred to as ‘solid biomass fuel.’ Examples: – wood fuels, biomassLiquid biofuels: – Liquid biofuels like bioethanol and biodiesel are produced via industrial conversion of solid biomass.Gaseous biofuels: – Advanced thermochemical conversion technologies such as gasification and pyrolysis may turn solid biomass into a gaseous fuel.
Surveying the applicability of energy recovery technologies for waste treatment: Case study for anaerobic wastewater treatment in Minnesota
Published in Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2021
Aduramo Lasode, Emma Rinn, William F. Northrop
Many studies have proposed the use of combined heat and power (CHP) systems as an efficient means to harness bioenergy from waste treatment systems. Prime mover technology can be found in either heat recovery or power generation systems. There are emission benefits in using CHP systems as illustrated by efforts like the CHP Partnership sponsored by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA 2011). Using wastewater treatment as an example, reports from the CHP Partnership highlight that prime movers are not currently being used to extract bioenergy at capacity. In 2011, 43% of wastewater plants equipped with anaerobic digestion in the United States, making up 60% of wastewater flow, did not have CHP systems installed, thereby forfeiting 411 MW of potential electrical energy (US EPA 2011). Instead, the generated gas is conventionally vented or flared with negative consequences on the environment.
Decision-making on HVAC&R systems selection: a critical review
Published in Intelligent Buildings International, 2018
Mehdi Shahrestani, Runming Yao, Geoffrey K Cook, Derek Clements-Croome
In another study with a clear focus on the decision-making process of systems selection, Wang, Jing, and Zhang (2009b) conducted a study into Combined Heat and Power (CHP) systems selection. In this study, 16 types of CHP systems were investigated through the consideration of eight criteria including: efficiency, CO2 emissions, economic social footprint, installation, maintenance, fuel, electricity and heating costs. The alternative systems were evaluated with respect to each criterion using the outcomes from another study (Pilavachi et al. 2006). This study provides a comprehensive discussion around fuzzy decision-making and use of different weighting methods together with a critical review over the adoption of the fuzzy decision-making method for evaluation of both qualitative and qualitative criteria. Despite all these strengths, there are some deficiencies which are listed below: Only CHP systems were investigated and the influence of secondary systems on the dynamic performance of CHP systems was not addressed.Climate change and national or international plans to mitigate its consequences, such as electricity decarbonisation, which have a substantial influence on the energy efficiency and the justification for adopting a CHP system, were not considered.It is not clear whether the outcomes of this study are only applicable to a specific climatic condition or whether it could be extended to other regions.