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Smart Building Energy Systems
Published in Moncef Krarti, Energy Audit of Building Systems, 2020
In addition to regulation and contingency reserves, other ancillary services have been used by grid operators to address the supply-demand imbalances, including black start capabilities, reactive supply and voltage control, inertial response, and energy imbalance services (Zhou et al., 2016). In particular, black start regulation allows restoring power supply when the entire grid loses power. Moreover, reactive supply and voltage control permits to maintain voltage levels within acceptable limits and maximize the transmission of real power. Frequency responsive reserve and inertial response enhances capabilities of the grid to quickly response (within seconds) following a contingency through generators and DR programs. The energy imbalances are generally provided supply and demand resources during periods when there are differences between scheduled and delivered electricity.
Introduction to Microgrids
Published in Stephen A. Roosa, Fundamentals of Microgrids, 2020
Climate scientists believe that severe weather events are becoming more common due to the impacts of climate change. Since microgrids are smaller distributed generation systems, they offer redundancy during system failures and provide targeted power delivery to address a locale’s specific requirements [10]. Microgrids typically have black-start capability since multiple generation resources within the microgrid allow the system to restart on its own [26]. Black start is the process of restoring power to part of an electric grid without relying on the external electric power transmission networks. Interestingly, some utility companies are installing microgrids for their central headquarters to enable them to operate as command centers to coordinate response activities during massive area-wide outages [27].
Principles of Energy Conversion
Published in Hamid A. Toliyat, Gerald B. Kliman, Handbook of Electric Motors, 2018
Hamid A. Toliyat, Gerald B. Kliman
There are a number of reasons why it might be beneficial to have an induction motor that can successfully start at terminal voltages of 85% or less. A few typical examples are as follows. An industrial user may have an induction motor that is large relative to the capacity of the supply system. In the absence of any reduced starting duty schemes, a weak electrical supply network may not be able to sustain voltages above 85% or less during the period of induction motor acceleration.While electric utility plant auxiliary systems may be stiff systems (low equivalent circuit impedance to an infinite bus) during normal plant operation, they may not be stiff systems in the case where the plant design criteria calls for "black start" capability. Black start is the ability to start the electrical auxiliaries of a unit at a plant with no units online either from the cranking transformer (start-up transformer) or onsite black start or peaking generating units. The black start situation presumes a weak auxiliary network and/or sagging transmission voltage.
Using Information-Theoretic Co-clustering for Power System Black-Start Decision Making with Incomplete Information
Published in Electric Power Components and Systems, 2022
Ya-Jun Leng, Xin Yue, Yi-Qin Lu, Shu-Ping Zhao
Although the resilience of modern power grids has been enhanced with the implementation of advanced monitoring and control systems, blackouts cannot be fully averted due to the vulnerabilities of transmission and distribution facilities, especially in cases of severe weather events [1]. In recent years, several large-area blackouts occurred all over the world [2, 3], such as the blackout in North American on August 14, 2003, the blackout in European on November 4, 2006, the blackout in Russia on May 25, 2005, and the blackout in India on July 30, 2012. Blackouts threaten the security of electricity supply and incur enormous social and economic damage around the world. In order to minimize the losses caused by large-area blackouts, the establishment of effective and rapid power system restoration strategies is becoming very important [4, 5]. One of the most important techniques for restoring power systems is black-start. The black-start stage, also called preparation period, is a stage in which black-start units provide cranking power to restart non-black-start units [3]. In a typical black-start scenario, black-start units provide power to non-black-start units located close to them, critical system loads are recovered when these non-black-start units come on-line, and the re-supplied area is gradually expanded until the entire power system is restored [6, 7]. Evaluating black-start schemes is one of the key issues having impacts on the restoration speed of the power system concerned [8]. Up to now, many studies have been carried out on evaluating black-start schemes and restoring power systems.
Black-Start Decision Making Based on Affinity Propagation and TOPSIS
Published in Electric Power Components and Systems, 2019
Ya-Jun Leng, Di Wang, Shu-Ping Zhao
Black-start is defined as the process that a power system suffered from a complete blackout is restarted through reconfiguring its networks and recovering its loads depending on self-starting units (black-start units), without relying on other systems [7]. In a typical black-start scenario, black-start units provide power to non-black-start units located close to them, critical system loads are recovered when these non-black-start units come on-line, and the re-supplied area is gradually expanded until the entire power system is restored [19, 20]. The need for black-start analysis is recognized in the EOP-005-1 standard (System Restoration Plans) from North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) [21]. This standard states the transmission operator must document the cranking paths, including initial switching requirements, between each black-start generating unit and the unit(s) to be started. NERC standard EOP-009-0 (Documentation of Black-start Generating Unit Test Results) further addresses black start plans, stating that a system black-start capability plan is necessary to ensure that the quantity and location of system black-start generators are sufficient and that they can perform their expected functions as specified in overall coordinated Regional System Restoration Plans [22]. Per the NERC standard EOP-005-2 (System Restoration from Black-start Resources), the use of black-start resources is required to restore the shutdown area to service, and each transmission operator must have black-start resource testing requirements to verify that each black-start resource is capable of meeting the requirements of its restoration plan [23]. In the case of a wide spread blackout, there may be no neighbor to help. In this case, system restoration must begin from black-start units with the ability to start themselves [19]. During power system restoration, black-start generation availability is fundamental for all restoration stages, and each isolated section (island) of the network must have at least one black-start unit [24]. Fink et al. [25] and Zeng et al. [20] divided the power system restoration process into three phases: black-start, network reconfiguration and load restoration. Black-start represents the first restoration stage after a blackout, and finding the optimal black-start scheme is one of the key issues having impacts on the restoration speed of the power system concerned. Wang et al. [6] considered that the black-start decision support system is an important module of the future decision support system in a smart grid environment. The selection of the optimal black-start scheme is of great significance and plays an important role in the black-start decision-support system.