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Compressed Natural Gas
Published in Arumugam S. Ramadhas, Alternative Fuels for Transportation, 2016
Gattamaneni Lakshmi Narayana Rao, Arumugam Sakunthalai Ramadhas
Flexibility: CNG vehicles can be produced as dedicated and bi-fuel versions. Dedicated vehicles are most appropriate where vehicles tend to operate in an area where NG fueling is available. Bi-fuel vehicles have both NG and gasoline storage tanks on board, and can operate on either fuel at the flip of a switch. Bi-fuel vehicles are most appropriate where the driver may need to travel to areas not currently served by NG stations. Compared to other fuels it is also economical and environmentally friendly. 6. Transition to hydrogen: Since hydrogen is a gas, hydrogen-powered vehicles will require changes in a number of areas, including buildving codes and standards, mechanic/inspector/user training. NGVs require many of the same changes. Therefore, a growing NGV market today is smoothing the path for a hydrogen vehicle market tomorrow.
Alternative power sources and fuels
Published in M.J. Nunney, Light and Heavy Vehicle Technology, 2007
Where an engine has been modified to run on either a conventional or an alternative fuel, it is known as a ‘bi-fuel’ application. This is distinct from a ‘dual-fuel’ application, where an engine can run on both conventional and alternative fuels simultaneously.
Internal Combustion Engines
Published in Mehrdad Ehsani, Yimin Gao, Stefano Longo, Kambiz M. Ebrahimi, Modern Electric, Hybrid Electric, and Fuel Cell Vehicles, 2018
Mehrdad Ehsani, Yimin Gao, Stefano Longo, Kambiz M. Ebrahimi
There are three types of natural-gas-fueled engines: DedicatedA dedicated CNG engine is designed to run only on CNG. The engine is designed to have a higher compression ratio and a dedicated fuel supply and control system. Due to its dedicated characteristic, it generally has better performance than the two other types of engine.Bi-fuelBi-fuel engines have two separate fueling systems that enable them to run on either natural gas or gasoline. The bi-fuel systems are controlled by an engine management system that enables the engine to switch between CNG and gasoline mode.In CNG mode, the compressed gas in the fuel tank is fed via the fuel rail to a pressure regulator that reduces the gas pressure. Natural gas injectors inject precisely the required amount of gas into the inlet manifold. The air–gas mixture is then ignited by a spark plug. Currently, there are many conversion kit packages available on the market that can be used to easily convert a gasoline engine into a bi-fuel (gasoline and CNG) engine easily.The main advantage of a bi-fuel engine is that it can fully utilize cheaper CNG and, at the same time, retain the flexibility of burning gasoline. Obviously, the engine cannot use a high compression ratio as a dedicated CNG engine; thus, the high-octane value of CNG cannot be fully used.Dual-fuelA typical dual-fuel engine is a CI engine that is fueled with natural gas and diesel. Burning both diesel and natural gas does not require changing the basic configuration of a CI engine. What is needed is to add a gas fueling system that operates in parallel with the diesel fueling system. The operating principle is shown in Figure 3.15.
Analysis of natural gas vehicle acceptance behavior for Klang Valley, Malaysia
Published in International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 2021
The emissions from the road transport are directly proportional to the amount of gasoline and diesel consumption (Mande, 2015). In particular, one liter of gasoline burned releases about 2.4 kg of CO2 (Mahlia, Saidur, Memon, Zulkifli, & Masjuki, 2010). In response to the environmental concern, one key strategy to achieve the emission reduction is to substitute fossil gasoline and diesel by alternative fuel type, for instance hydrogen, electricity, natural gas or biomethane (von Rosenstiel, Heuermann, & Husig, 2015). The vehicle that operates with alternative fuel type is known as alternative fuel vehicle (AFV). Among the different types of AFVs, natural gas vehicles (NGVs) were among the first mature and marketable technologies. NGVs are fueled with compressed natural gas (CNG) and they could reduce GHG emissions by 17%-24% compared to gasoline and diesel vehicles and even up to 95% when fueled with biomethane (EUCAR, 2011). Technically, NGV operates similarly to the conventional vehicles but they use natural gas as fuel. By installing a conversion system (i.e., a tank, fuel pressure regulators and fuel lines) on the vehicles, it could convert the conventional engines into bi-fuel engines that could be powered by natural gas (Khoo, 2012).
Use of CNG and Hi-octane gasoline in SI engine: a comparative study of performance, emission, and lubrication oil deterioration
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2019
CNG remains in gasified state at much lower temperatures (−161°C), has lower density, and has a higher octane number (ON) in comparison to gasoline. Literature suggests that the ability of CNG to operate in a high compression ratio and higher spontaneous ignition temperature makes CNG a safer fuel for use in terms of possible leakage (Das, Gulati, and Gupta 2000). Moreover, CNG supersedes gasoline in terms of mixture formation, combustion in higher compression ratio engines without knocking, and lean combustibility. Bi-fuel engine has capability of working on either compressed natural gas or gasoline. That implies an economical alternative fuel in SI engine without sacrificing much of engine operating range (Shamekhi, Khatibzadeh, and Shamekhi 2006). However, study by Evans and Blaszczyk (1997) shows a 12% reduction in engine power performance. One aspect is the reduction in the volumetric efficiency of CNG fueled engines due to the larger percentage of air in CNG by volume. Lower torque and power were reported as a result of lower or leaner fuel (CNG) injection per cylinder. Average brake mean effective pressure and brake-specific fuel consumption (bsfc) for CNG were lower than that of gasoline owing to the higher heating value of CNG. This property also exhibited an increase in the net thermal efficiency of the engine (Shamekhi, Khatibzadeh, and Shamekhi 2006). Many studies were carried out at various engines with liquid (gasoline) and gaseous (CNG) fuels (Ahmet and Yahya, 2019; Ahmet and Yahya 2018a; Bae et al. 2018; Gonca, Cakir, and Sahin 2018; Pan et al. 2018). Out of all mentioned studies, the general description was that whenever the gasoline operated engine was employed with compressed natural gas, decrease in performance characteristics, specific fuel consumption, and emission contents were observed. However, CNG injection in SI engines reported higher brake thermal efficiency.