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Field Investigation Techniques for Potentially Contaminated Sites
Published in Kofi Asante-Duah, Management of Contaminated Site Problems, 2019
Oftentimes, intrusive tools for environmental site investigation are required to penetrate the soil so that soil and groundwater samples can be collected at specified depths below the surface. These tools include traditional and innovative drilling methods, driven well points, and sampling equipment. Drilling techniques may include traditional geotechnical drilling methods using hollow stem augers (HSAs), as well as water well drilling methods using rotary rigs; more contemporaneous methods include sonic and directional drilling. It is noteworthy that, “drive-down” methods, including penetrometers, generally would not work in rock formations—but then can be used rather quickly and efficiently for rapid soil and groundwater sampling, whenever appropriate. The sampling equipment of interest includes fixed samplers and probes that are often placed downhole and can be used to transmit data or to bring water or vapor samples to the surface; coring is often used to collect subsurface materials for inspection and analysis.
Drilling Techniques and Developments
Published in C.P. Chugh, Ken Steele, V.M. Sharma, Design Criteria for Drill Rigs: Equipment and Drilling Techniques, 2020
C.P. Chugh, Ken Steele, V.M. Sharma
In this drilling method a hole is drilled by a rotating bit to which a downward force (drill collars) is applied. The bit is fastened to and rotated by the drill stem, which also provides a passage for the circulating fluid. A rotary drilling rig is basically hoisting equipment necessary for well drilling. It includes a rotary table, draw works, kelly, swivel, hook, blocks, line engines, mud pumps and piping (steel mud pits if used), utilities unit, dog-house, toolhouse, mud-house etc., and electric generators, motors and wiring if used.
Economic and Legal Aspects of Power Generation and the Environment
Published in Anco S. Blazev, Power Generation and the Environment, 2021
A large producer gave an estimate of well drilling cost of $2.8 million in 2011. At the same time, however, this same producer showed over $2.2 billion in capital spending on 560 wells, which brings the cost per well to nearly $4.0 million per well. Go figure…but no matter how we look at it, drilling a gas well is a significant undertaking from any and all points of view.
Groundwater quality monitoring of the Serra Geral aquifer in Toledo, Brazil
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2018
Silvia Priscila Dias Monte Blanco, Aparecido Nivaldo Módenes, Fabiano Bisinella Scheufele, Pricila Marin, Karise Schneider, Fernando Rodolfo Espinoza-Quiñones, Paulo Roberto Paraíso, Rosângela Bergamasco
In order to verify if the elements that are present in the waters of the monitored wells can originate from the local soil/rock, the elemental characterization of the water of the wells and of soil sediments from the well drilling was performed, and a comparison between them was made. The elemental concentrations of groundwater samples and soil sediments were determined using the TXRF technique. Multi-variate statistical analyses (cluster and principal components analysis [PCA]) were performed aiming to identify the similarity between the wells regarding the physical-chemical and elemental parameters of the monitored groundwater. In addition, the climatological water balance was compared to the elements concentrations that were above the maximum allowed by the Brazilian legislation, aiming to verify if there could be influence of the rainwater percolation in the presence of such elements in groundwater.
Sonochemical technology for separating oil sludge and oil-contaminated soil
Published in Petroleum Science and Technology, 2018
M. S. Mullakaev, G. B. Vexler, R. M. Mullakaev
The study of the properties of oil sludge and oil-contaminated soil and the development of methods for their recycling are of current interest all over the world. At present, the disposal of wastes accumulated as a result of the activities of oil and gas enterprises is an important and pressing environmental problem, which is primarily due to a substantial increase in production volumes. It is known that the severe contamination of soil and water with drill cuttings containing hydrocarbons, heavy metals, and polymers takes place in well drilling, and oil spills during oil production are associated with a number of negative effects that lead to soil destruction and the oil contamination of large territories. A list of methods known in world practice for processing oil-containing sludge is given in the study by Bashirov et al. (1994), and the advantages and disadvantages of existing methods are also presented.