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Offshore Drilling
Published in Sukumar Laik, Offshore Petroleum Drilling and Production, 2018
A shale shaker, which customarily sits on top of the first mud pit, receives the mud returning from the flow line. The shale shaker (Figure 4.19) is essentially a screen that is used to separate drill cuttings and cavings from the mud. Two types are in common use. In one type the screen is in the form of a tapered cylinder which is rotated by the flow of drilling fluid. The other is a rubber-mounted sloping flat screen which is vibrated by the rapid rotation of an eccentric mass (cam) driven either by electric or hydraulic motor. In both, the drilling fluid falls by gravity through the screen and the drill cuttings and any cavings present pass over the end of the screen. The screen openings are generally rectangular.
Least squares modeling of the depth of cut of reservoir rock from real-time drilling parameters
Published in Petroleum Science and Technology, 2022
Wilson Ekpotu, Joseph Akintola, Martins Obialor, Ayodeji Ayoola, Michael Asama, Yusuf Abdulkareem
Han, Sun, and Zhang (2019) observed that drilling is one of the most important aspects of resource development, and more specifically, oil field development. And based on this, a smooth drilling process can achieve safe and fast well establishment and better investment efficiency, while an accurate rate of penetration (ROP) estimation can benefit the well planning and prevent unexpected drilling accidents that could be caused by the nature of the cuttings returning to the shale shaker. (Khakzad, Khan, and Amyotte 2013). Similarly, many parameters influence the instantaneous ROP, which affects the depth of cut, and these parameters includes formation properties, mud rheology, drill bits, and bit/rock interactions, which gives an output into the nature of the cut of the reservoir rock, String vibrations, deformations, and bit fatigue which can also affect the rate of bit penetration (Ritto, Soize, and Sampaio 2010).
Risk assessment of human exposure to radionuclides and heavy metals in oil-based mud samples used for drilling operation
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2022
Emmanuel E. Okoro, Chidiebere Ochonma, Samuel E. Sanni, Omeje M., Kevin C. Igwilo, Olukunle C. Olawole
Radiological and toxicity risk level of oil-based Mud can be introduced in two ways. Literature has shown that many metals and radionuclides (NORM) are naturally occurring in most formations, and when the drilling mud system comes in contact with such formation in the subsurface, they are incorporated into the fluid during the drill-cuttings transportation to the surface shale-shaker. Other metals are added as part of the chemicals used as additives in the formulation of drilling fluid (Adewole et al. 2010; Xu et al. 2018). Several industrial operations, along with the extraction and refining of oil and gas, tend to accumulate natural radioactive materials (NORM) above normal levels in by-product waste (Smith 1992). NORM results show that radionuclide concentrations are in a viable range that cannot be detected at very high levels (Chen et al. 2016; Hedayatipour et al. 2017). However, an understanding of the nature and extent of NORM and heavy metals associated with oil-based mud deposits is incomplete, and particular attention should be paid in characterizing the composition of by-products and the mud systems encountered during hydrocarbons extraction. It is important that the oil and gas industry complies with all applicable state and federal guidelines/standards (Vaasma et al. 2019; Taheri et al. 2019). State, federal, and industry regulatory agencies are committed to analyzing radionuclides and the composition of heavy metals in rocks cuttings and drilling mud, so as to assess potential health risks associated with processing, managing, transporting, and disposing of these materials (UNSCEAR, 2010; IAEA 2013).