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Field Investigation Methods
Published in Mark Edward Byrnes, Field Sampling Methods for Remedial Investigations, 2023
Surface concrete samples are typically collected using a hand drill and a 0.5-in.-diameter (or larger) drill bit, where multiple shallow holes (of approximately 0.25 in. depth) are drilled from either hotspots identified by chemical or radiological screening surveys (when wanting to assess maximum health hazard exposure), or from statistically selected locations (when wanting to identify mean concentrations of contaminants in concrete material for disposal purposes). The drill cuttings are collected in sample bottles and are then sent to a laboratory for analysis. The number of shallow holes required to be drilled at each sampling location is dependent on the sample volume required by the laboratory for the analyses to be performed.
Petroleum drill cuttings treatment using stabilization/solidification and biological process combination
Published in Soil and Sediment Contamination: An International Journal, 2020
Hichem Boutammine, Zineb Salem, Mohamed Khodja
Although part of OBMs are separated from drill cuttings and returned to the recirculation fluid system, they remain in the cuttings, which cause the formation of petroleum drill cuttings (PDC) (Khanpour et al. 2014). Drill cuttings are mixtures of crushed rock chips, drill muds and some organic and inorganic chemicals (Rojas-Avelizapa, Olvera-Barrera, and Fernandes-Linares 2005); thus they present a major threat to the environment for their recalcitrant character; besides in order to preserve or restore ecosystems, it is necessary to develop reliable and effective methods of treatment (Gan and Lau 2009). For this purpose, the on-site burial or landfill methods were selected to dispose of drill cuttings; however, they are inadequate to meet current and future stringent environmental regulations due to their low efficiencies in removing contaminants (Ball, Stewart, and Schliephake 2012).
Tolerance and phytoremediation potential of four tropical grass species to land-applied drill cuttings
Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2018
Reginald B. Kogbara, Baribor K. Badom, Josiah M. Ayotamuno
Drill cuttings are fragments of rock and soil resulting from oil and gas exploration (Saint-Fort and Ashtani 2014). They usually contain hydrocarbons as well as elevated concentrations of metals including As, Ba, Cr, Cu, Pb, Ni, and Zn. The metals emanate from drilling fluids retained within the cuttings, and the geologic formation penetrated ( Kogbara et al. 2016a, 2017 ). The United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) regards drill cuttings as special wastes and suggests that proper management practices be carried out to prevent health and environmental hazards (USEPA 2002). However, the European Waste Directive classifies drill cuttings from oil and synthetic-based drilling fluids as hazardous waste (Technical Guidance WM3 2015). Hence, one or a combination of different treatment techniques are utilized for drill cuttings before final fate. Typical management practices for drill cuttings include disposal at sea or to landfill (Mauger et al. 2014), burial in pits (Wojtanowicz 2016), thermal treatment (Robinson et al. 2009), stabilization/solidification (S/S) (Al-Ansary and Al-Tabbaa 2004; Kogbara et al. 2014) and biological treatment (Ball et al. 2012).
Sonochemical technology for separating oil sludge and oil-contaminated soil
Published in Petroleum Science and Technology, 2018
M. S. Mullakaev, G. B. Vexler, R. M. Mullakaev
The study of the properties of oil sludge and oil-contaminated soil and the development of methods for their recycling are of current interest all over the world. At present, the disposal of wastes accumulated as a result of the activities of oil and gas enterprises is an important and pressing environmental problem, which is primarily due to a substantial increase in production volumes. It is known that the severe contamination of soil and water with drill cuttings containing hydrocarbons, heavy metals, and polymers takes place in well drilling, and oil spills during oil production are associated with a number of negative effects that lead to soil destruction and the oil contamination of large territories. A list of methods known in world practice for processing oil-containing sludge is given in the study by Bashirov et al. (1994), and the advantages and disadvantages of existing methods are also presented.