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Introduction to Civil Engineering
Published in P.K. Jayasree, K Balan, V Rani, Practical Civil Engineering, 2021
P.K. Jayasree, K Balan, V Rani
Military engineering: During the former half of the 18th century, military engineers were mainly responsible for large-scale construction work. Military engineering involved works like design as well as construction of bridges and roads, topographical map preparation, the construction of docks and ports, etc., which are needed for the easy movement of military regiments.
Teaching Engineers in the Seventeenth Century: European Influences in Portugal
Published in Engineering Studies, 2018
Antónia Fialho Conde, M. Rosa Massa-Esteve
Serrão Pimentel’s work was innovative for its pedagogical and didactic character in which image and text complement each other with the aim of combining mathematical theory, geometric representation and military practice in an accessible way. It also attests to the author’s expertise as a teacher of Fortification and Military Architecture in the classroom (1647), inaugurating a trend that Manuel de Azevedo Fortes would continue in the Eighteenth century with the publication of handbooks for the teaching of military engineering containing a marked emphasis on Arithmetic, Geometry, and Plane Trigonometry.13 Throughout his work, Serrão Pimentel laid stress on the importance of exact demonstration in his endeavor to show that, in the training of engineers, theory and practice constituted an essential alliance for the exercise of military engineering, which could not be dissociated from the birth of modern science in the context of Europe.14 The Iberian ‘Century of Lights’ in the eighteenth century would demonstrate the academic influence exerted by Serrão Pimentel on subsequent generations charged with the training of military engineers in Portugal. These included Manuel de Azevedo Fortes and Manuel da Maia, among others, many of whom remain anonymous. These engineers proved themselves capable of continuing and consolidating his Cartesian spirit.15
Civil engineer for urban livability, sustainability and resilience
Published in Sustainable and Resilient Infrastructure, 2022
A. E. Aktan, J. M. W. Brownjohn, F. L. Moon, K. J. Sjoblom, I. Bartoli, S. G. Karaman
Architecture, civil engineering and urban planning were integrated under military engineering millennia ago (e.g., Hammurabi’s Code, 1750 BC) until after the 1789 French revolution, making this the oldest engineering discipline. After the 1800’s and until the mid-20th Century this integrative discipline separated from its military roots, renamed itself ‘civil’ engineering, and evolved as an art-form learned through apprenticeship. Following the 2nd World War, civil engineering completely detached architecture and planning arts, and started to envision itself as a ‘science’ as opposed to art. Disciplines such as structural, geotechnical, water resources, environmental engineering, transportation engineering have specialized in an unintegrated manner.
A high order Newton method to solve vibration problem of composite structures considering fractional derivative Zener model
Published in Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures, 2022
Mathias Ziapkoff, Laetitia Duigou, Guillaume Robin, Jean-Marc Cadou, El Mostafa Daya
Composite structures are used in a great deal of industrial fields where noise and vibration controls are sensitive issues. Indeed, noise dampening and the safety of people or equipments are concerns in industrial sectors, such as transportation, ship-builing, civil engineering, military engineering, etc. In order to decrease these vibrations, specific materials can be used. In this study, we focus on fiber reinforced composite structures and more precisely on their damped frequency and their structural damping. Many research-works deal with fiber reinforced composite damping. For the most part, they are experimental studies focusing on the influence of fiber rates, the orientation of the fibers or the matrix. Among these studies, frequency-dependence of damping has been highlighted [1–5]. This property is taken into account by considering complex frequency-dependent moduli. The material constitutive equation relating stresses and strains with respect to time or frequency and the linear viscoelasticity theory allow to express the complex frequency moduli variation both in frequency and time domains [6]. These complex and frequency-dependent moduli lead to frequency dependence of the stiffness matrix. Studying the vibrations of composite structures is therefore equal to solving a non-linear complex vibration problem. In order to analyze viscoelastically damped composite structures, the modal strain energy method [7, 8] or the direct frequency response method [8] define approximative values of complex mode. The QR-method [9] enables to solve complex problems but only in cases where the problems have few degrees of freedom or when moduli are constant complex. Three methods allow to solve any large scale complex eigenvalue problem. Chen et al. [10] propose a method coupling first order perturbation, an iterative algorithm and a reduced basis technique. The second method [11] is an Asymptotic Method based on homotopy [12, 13], perturbation technique [12, 14–16] and continuation procedure. In [17], Duigou et al. present a third method: high order iterative algorithms based on the coupling of homotopy transformation and of a perturbation technique. These three techniques have proved their effectiveness in the case of sandwich structures. However, none of them have been applied to fiber reinforced composite structures consisting of several layers with frequency-dependent behavior moduli. The study herein consists in adapting some of these techniques to fiber reinforced composite structural problems.