China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Delhi and Agra vis-à-vis monuments
Published in Gurmeet Kaur, Sakoon Singh, Anuvinder Ahuja, Noor Dasmesh Singh, Natural Stone and World Heritage, 2020
Gurmeet Kaur, Sakoon Singh, Anuvinder Ahuja, Noor Dasmesh Singh
After the Khaljis, the reigns of Delhi Sultanate were passed on to the Tughlaq dynasty. Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq built the fourth city Tughlaqabad in 1321 (Fig. 2.1d). He was a learned man, comfortable with Arabic and Persian languages. Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq initiated Tughlaqabad fort primarily for resisting the Mongol attacks. It was made on the Aravalli’s rocky hills. The fort was made in quartzite and sealed with mud mortar. The stone was probably procured from hills in close proximity. The craftsmanship exhibits the Islamic architecture used for different areas of the fort, like the parapets, bastions, huge gates, palaces, mosques and tombs with thick walls and high fortification. It is believed that the city had 52 gates, but only a few of them exist at present.
Augmented Reality, Aura, and the Design of Cultural Spaces
Published in Joshua A. Fisher, Augmented and Mixed Reality for Communities, 2021
Hank Blumenthal, Joshua A. Fisher
In another section, earthworks were meant to be recreated in AR. During the First Siege of Fort Meigs, British artillery continuously bombarded the fort for five days. The earthworks visitors see are remnants of fortifications created by the soldiers to protect themselves and the camp from this bombardment. The earthworks have been wearing down over the past two centuries and have not been rebuilt to their full height. In some areas, the earthworks measured nearly twenty feet high (“Fort Meigs” n.d.). Seeing earthworks at scale in AR instead of in their reduced situation is more impressive than accurate. However, the reconstruction can improve the sense of place even if it smudges the historical aura.
German stonemasons and the fort architecture of the Texas frontier
Published in Ine Wouters, Stephanie Van de Voorde, Inge Bertels, Bernard Espion, Krista De Jonge, Denis Zastavni, Building Knowledge, Constructing Histories, 2018
After the Civil War ended there was a second wave of construction at Fort McKavett and construction began on Fort Concho. Fort McKavett archives show that the government hired civilian contractors, rather than utilizing conscripted soldiers for a second phase of work on the fort hospital. The phase of work produced far more refined stonework compared to earlier construction, exhibiting regular sized blocks, consistent orderly coursing, and tight mortar joints.
Mortar and Concrete: Precursors to Modern Materials
Published in International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 2023
As the Roman Empire expanded, Roman engineers carried their knowledge of cement and concrete with them. Due to the difficulty of transporting pozzolana from Rome, most of the Roman concrete used in Britain was a lime concrete, making use of the local materials which were available (Stanley 1979); although ground tiles were sometimes added as an artificial pozzolan to produce a higher quality material (Blezard 1998). In Britain, the Roman’s used concrete in walls, foundations and floors — some of which were overlaid with elaborate, decorative mosaics. Roman constructions in Britain which incorporated concrete include Pharos lighthouse, Dover (c.50–138 CE) (Figure 6) — a four storey, 13 m tall lighthouse with sandstonefaced walls which had a lime and rubble core — and Portchester castle, Hampshire (c.250–300 CE) (Figure 6) — a large fort with concrete foundations and walls over 2 m thick with a concrete core (British Cement Association 1999).
Military engineers and the transmission of the technical knowledge: Spanish global fortification (16th-19th centuries)
Published in The International Journal for the History of Engineering & Technology, 2022
Military engineers worked for the monarchy which paid them, regardless of where they came from. Thus, in the 16th century engineers born in Italy such as Gian Battista Calvi, Leonardo Torriani or Tiburzio Spannocchi worked for Philip II of Spain, while Tommaso Benedetto de Pesaro worked for King Don Sebastião of Portugal. Some engineers, such as Jacome Palearo, known as "el Fratín", had worked for the King of France before working for the King of Spain.8 One of the most relevant families of engineers were the Antonelli, who worked for the Spanish monarchy between 1551 and 1649, working in Europe, Africa and America.9 They designed and built such important fortresses as the Mazalquivir Fort in Algeria, Peñíscola in Spain, Morro Castle in Havana (Cuba). Among these names, there are others of military men with great experience in fortification, such as Pedro de Toledo, viceroy of Naples with Charles V10 or Vespasiano Gonzaga Colonna, viceroy of Navarra and Valencia with Philip II. Gonzaga was a military man and humanist with a modern and broad vision of fortification. He developed defense plans, mercilessly discussed forts designed by engineers such as Fratín or Antonelli and even designed fortifications and even the city of Sabbioneta in northern Italy, which the viceroy thought of as a new Athens.11
Assessment of historical foundation response of Fort Sumter, South Carolina, using finite element modelling
Published in International Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 2021
Daniel Kyser, Nadarajah Ravichandran, Sez Atamturkur
Fort Sumter is a military installation at the mouth of the Charleston Harbor, South Carolina, that built part of the Third System fortification following the War of 1812. The construction of the fort began in 1829. The fort was built on a shallow underwater shoal that became a man-made island through the dumping of large amounts of stones onto the shoal. At its completion, the pentagonal-shaped fort had 5-ft-wide, 50-ft-tall brick walls and enclosed a parade ground of approximately an acre (HABS, 1991). The geographic location and the layout of the fort are shown in Figure 1(a,b), respectively. Every wall of the fort except the gorge wall was composed of a series of structures called casemates, which once held two tiers of arched gunrooms and a top terreplein level with gun emplacements (National Parks Services, 1984). The perimeter of the fort is encased by a scarp wall with gun embrasures on four sides to allow cannons to fire. Typical of Third System coastal fortifications, the barrel-vaulted casemates are built adjacent to but detached from the scarp wall effectively separating the scarp wall and the casemates as independent structural entities and keeping any external damage from artillery fire isolated to the scarp wall.