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Wound Ballistics
Published in Donald E. Carlucci, Sidney S. Jacobson, Ballistics, 2018
Donald E. Carlucci, Sidney S. Jacobson
We will next discuss some bullet types that are illustrated in Figure 21.1. A solid slug is nothing more than a soft metal (usually a lead alloy) projectile that is engraved along its body length by the rifling to impart spin. A full metal jacket (FMJ) projectile is a solid slug that is coated with a material such as copper to better withstand firing stresses and whose residue can easily be removed from the inside of the gun tube. A semijacketed projectile or open-tipped projectile is jacketed up to a small region of the nose. This region, being softer than the jacketed region and unable to withstand the radial stresses upon impact, expands as it enters the target, theoretically causing a more extensive wound. A hollow point projectile is similar to a semijacketed projectile except that the tip is actually concave. It uses fluid mechanics coupled with the lower radial strength upon penetration to open larger. Finally, the steel-core projectile has a hard core for penetration of metallic structures or textile armor. One common type that is not shown is the wad cutter type, which can be fully jacketed or not but have a cuplike shape to the nose so that they punch a nice, clean hole through paper targets. There are many other projectile types such as slit jackets and dum-dums, but usually, they fall into one of the aforementioned categories.
Ballistic Threats and Body Armour Design
Published in Melanie Franklyn, Peter Vee Sin Lee, Military Injury Biomechanics, 2017
Johno Breeze, Eluned A. Lewis, Debra J. Carr
Bullets which conform to the Hague Convention of 1899 have a full metal jacket (FMJ). Such bullets typically consist of a soft core (lead or mild steel), excluding armour-piercing bullets which contain a hardened core. The core is encased in a jacket of gilding metal (copper and zinc), gilding metal-clad steel, cupro-nickel (copper and nickel), or aluminium that typically covers the nose and sides with the rear part of the core left exposed (Di Maio 1998). The jacket engages with the rifling of the barrel of the weapon, resulting in higher muzzle velocities than if the projectile had no jacket and reduces expansion of the lead core on impact with the target, thereby causing a lower immediate energy deposition and potentially a decrease in lethality. Some bullets are designed (or tend) to fragment during the impact event; others are known to yaw before impact and/or during penetration.
Ballistic penetration simulation of a 3D woven fabric using high strain-rate dependent yarn model
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2021
Qingsong Wei, Dan Yang, Bo Gao
The impact experiments were performed at No.53 Institute of China Ammunition Co. Ltd. The FMJ projectile was employed in the tests. The actual picture and mesh scheme in the FEA of the projectile was illustrated in Figure 2. The FMJ projectile consists of a copper jacket and lead core. The experimental system obtains the impact velocity and residual velocity of the projectiles.