China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Everything a Project Manager Needs to Know about Procurement
Published in M. Ann Garrison Darrin, Patrick A. Stadter, Aerospace Project Management Handbook, 2017
Whenever working with or for non-U.S. persons, foreign governments or foreign organizations, whether in the United State or abroad, it is important to take into consideration U.S. Export Control Laws. Statements of work should be reviewed by an export control SME to determine if an Export License or Technical Assistance Agreement is needed prior to entering into agreements or contracts, and certainly prior to sharing of technical data. U.S. Export Control Laws are complicated and require a full understanding of International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR) and Export Administration Regulations (EAR). Violations of Export Control Laws can result in significant fines and imprisonment and can impact not only an organization but also individuals within that organization.
Export Control and ITAR
Published in Douglas M. Marshall, R. Kurt Barnhart, Eric Shappee, Michael Most, Introduction to Unmanned Aircraft Systems, 2016
Export control is a key method that the U.S. government uses to protect sensitive equipment, software, and technology. This is done to promote U.S. foreign policy and national security interests in cooperation with certain other countries by regulating manufacturing, sales, and distribution of these items. Specifically, export controls regulate the transfer, shipment, or movement of defense articles, including data, outside of the United States. In 22 C.F.R. § 120.17, for example, ITAR defines export as follows: “Sending or taking a defense article out of the United States in any manner, except by mere travel outside of the United States by a person whose knowledge includes technical data; orTransferring registration, control or ownership to a foreign person of any aircraft, vessel, or satellite covered by the U.S. Munitions List (USML), whether in the United States or abroad; orDisclosing (including oral or visual disclosure) or transferring in the United States any defense article to an embassy, any agency or subdivision of a foreign government (e.g., diplomatic missions); orDisclosing (including oral or visual disclosure) or transferring technical data to a foreign person, whether in the United States or abroad; orPerforming a defense service on behalf of, or for the benefit of, a foreign person, whether in the United States or abroad.”* (As discussed, the ITAR definition is a bit different from the EAR definition.)
Going Global—The Business Case to Go Global: Foreign Purchasing and Export Sales
Published in Thomas A. Cook, Developing Masterful Management Skills for International Business, 2018
If an exporter determines that the product is subject to the Commerce Control List and falls under a specific Export Control Classification Number, then they must take the next step in determining whether government approval in the form of a license is required prior to export. The first step is to review the Reasons for Control, which are indicated at the beginning of the Commerce Control List. Once the Reasons for Control have been determined, the Commerce Country Chart must be examined.
Model design of a deuterium-deuterium neutron generator moderator and evaluation for delayed gamma-ray nondestructive assay for safeguards verification
Published in Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, 2021
Fabiana Rossi, Mitsuo Koizumi, Douglas Chase Rodriguez
Similar to 252Cf, neutron generators are small enough to fit into a laboratory, but they can also be operated in pulsed mode and be turned off when not in use. Contrary to 252Cf, though, neutron generator emission yields are fixed: D-D between 107 and 1010 n/s, D-T between 108 and 1013 n/s. A benefit for D-D neutron generators is that they emit neutrons with an energy of 2.45 MeV, similar to 252Cf [30–32] and should, therefore, have similar moderator conditions. In comparison, D-T neutron generators emit neutrons with an energy of 14.1 MeV that requires Pb or W for initial energy reduction and concurrent neutron multiplication through the (n,2 n) reaction [33]. Moreover, due to the high-energy neutrons, D-T requires thicker safety walls of concrete, water, or high-density polyethylene (HDPE) [28,34]. Additionally, D-T neutron generators contain radioactive tritium target that affects license restrictions and export control [28].