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Electric Implementation of Fault Diagnosis in Hybrid Vehicles Based on Reference Frame Theory
Published in Hamid A. Toliyat, Subhasis Nandi, Seungdeog Choi, Homayoun Meshgin-Kelk, Electric Machines, 2017
A catastrophic failure in an electric machine might result in dangerous situations during driving, especially on the highway. Unless frequently monitored, an incipient fault in the machine can be propagated until it totally falls apart. Therefore, an accident afterward might become inevitable. Once the fault diagnostic system makes any kind of severe electric motor fault decision, the traction of the vehicle can totally be taken over by the combustion engine in order to prevent permanent damages and total loss of the electric motor. Basically, this solution is applicable if HEVs are designed based on parallel or parallel and series architectures. However, in series configurations, the internal combustion engine (ICE) is directly connected to the electric motor [3]. Therefore, in series architectures the solution is limited to electric faults and has partial use for mechanical faults such as bearing fault.
Near fault ground motion effects on seismic resilience of frame structures damaged in Wenchuan earthquake
Published in Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, 2020
Ji-Gang Xu, Gang Wu, De-Cheng Feng
However, the above methodology ignores a specific damage state where the building is not collapsed based on the SDR but is not repairable considering technical and economic feasibility due to a large RSDR (Ramirez & Miranda, 2012). Thus, in this case, the losses will be underestimated when only the story drift is considered, as the building will be evaluated as repairable. In order to consider the damage state of no collapse but demolition, the original total loss ratio at a given IM based on HAZUS could be disaggregated as three parts: where is the total loss ratio due to “true” repair cost, that is, the loss corresponding to the damage state where the structure is not collapsed based on the SDR and repairable based on the RSDR. is the loss ratio due to the demolition cost, that is the losses corresponding to the damage state where the structure is not collapsed based on the SDR and not repairable based on the RSDR.
Displacement-Based Simplified Seismic Loss Assessment of Steel Buildings
Published in Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 2020
G. Cantisani, G. Della Corte, T.J. Sullivan, R. Roldan
Assumed values of some key parameters needed in the monetary losses are shown in Table 6. The full replacement cost (row 1 in the table) was estimated assuming that the core and shell cost (row 4 in the table) were 15% of the total cost. Since the unit cost of the structure was estimated as 350 €/m2, the full replacement cost would be 350/0.15 = 2333.33 €/m2. With a total floor area of 3456 m2 (432 m2 per floor), this calculation led to a full replacement cost of 2333.33 × 3456 = 8,064,000.00, approximately. The full replacement time (row 2 in the table) was estimated following the advice of practicing engineers in Italy. In the computation, the demolition process was assumed to last 4 months. The total loss threshold (row 3 in the table) is a conventional limit value which was selected as the maximum tolerable economic loss, whose exceedance makes demolition and replacement more likely. The maximum number of workers per square meter of the office building plan was again estimated based on advice from practicing engineers in Italy.
Probabilistic Seismic Performance Assessment of RC Frames Retrofitted with External SC-PBSPC BRBF Sub-structures
Published in Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 2022
Xu-Yang Cao, De-Cheng Feng, Gang Wu, Ji-Gang Xu
The seismic loss curves and disaggregations are presented in Fig. 12for the five cases. The black lines represent the total loss ratio, while the gray, blue and red lines reflect the repair loss, demolition loss, and collapse loss, respectively. The vertical purple lines are the of case 1, and the horizontal pink lines are the 50% loss ratio of the replacement cost. It can be observed that under the same 50% loss ratio, the corresponding required increases from 0.53 g (case 1) to 1.36 g (case 5), which is almost a 157% improvement. The results of the case 2, 3 and 4 are between the case 1 and case 5 (i.e., case5case4case3case2case1). The for the 16% and 84% loss ratios is also calculated, the variation of which also resembles with the 50% loss condition as shown in Table 7. The curve tendency generally moves to the right, reflecting that under the same , the expected total loss ratio reduces because of the more reliability of the retrofitted system (i.e., case1case2case3case4case5). Take the loss ratio under of case 1 for example, the total loss ratio is 98.6% before strengthening (case 1), while the value lowers to 30.9% after retrofitting with the complete external sub-structure (case 5), approximating to a 219% dropping percentage. The specific for fractile loss ratios and the loss ratios under of case 1 have been plotted in Fig. 13 with histograms.