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Temperature and Heat Flux Measurements
Published in Je-Chin Han, Lesley M. Wright, Experimental Methods in Heat Transfer and Fluid Mechanics, 2020
There are several standard temperature measurement devices such as thermal expansion temperature sensors, electrical resistance temperature sensors, and thermoelectric temperature measurement sensors. The proper temperature measurement device can be chosen depending upon the specific applications. Thermal expansion temperature sensors include liquids in glass casings and bi-metallic measuring devices; electrical resistance temperature sensors can be thermistors or resistance temperature detectors (RTD); thermoelectric temperature measurement sensors are commonly named thermocouples [1–4].
Dry-Heat Depyrogenation and Sterilization
Published in Sandeep Nema, John D. Ludwig, Parenteral Medications, 2019
Typical sensors include temperature measurement devices (resistance temperature detectors [RTDs] or thermocouples), pressure measurement devices, and where applicable, belt speed measurement devices. It is customary that the temperature sensor used to control the process temperature not be used to provide the batch record process data. An independent/secondary temperature sensor for batch reporting provides a high degree of assurance that the cycle actually ran within its defined limits.
Monitoring Technologies
Published in Milenko Braunovic, Valery V. Konchits, Nikolai K. Myshkin, Electrical Contacts, 2017
Milenko Braunovic, Valery V. Konchits, Nikolai K. Myshkin
Temperature monitoring is the most frequently used type of environmental monitoring. The technologies available to monitor the condition of electrical/electronic systems and components are abundant. Temperature measurement can be divided into two categories: contact and noncontact.
Economic strategies for low-temperature transportation of asphalt pavement: a comparative analysis of temperature variations
Published in International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 2022
Xuefei Wang, Peng Pan, Jianmin Zhang, Guowei Ma, Jiale Li
The temperature measurement equipment is installed during the waiting period at the mixing station. The industrial temperature measurement equipment is mainly divided into two categories: contact and non-contact. Most of the common contact temperature measurement equipment has one measurement point, and the accuracy is low (Liu et al. 2020). Infrared measuring devices acquire infrared radiation from object and convert the radiation into electronic signals (Usamentiaga et al. 2014). The insulation material covers the carriage, and the non-contact sensors can only obtain the temperature value of the material (Li 2016). Therefore, the non-contact infrared temperature measurement monitors surface temperatures of the transport vehicle, but the internal temperature of HMA is not applicable (Bocci et al. 2020, Lu et al. 2008). In addition, neither of the two measurement methods can achieve real-time continuous measurements and cannot be used while the vehicle is moving. Therefore, a continuous temperature measurement device is designed to record the temperature variations at different depths and locations for the transport vehicle.
In-line Process and Material Property Measurement in Injection Moulding - a Theoretical Review
Published in Production & Manufacturing Research, 2022
Rasmus Aa Hertz, J. K. Christensen, S. Kristiansen, O. Therkelsen, L. Schmidt
The melt temperature is an important parameter in injection moulding affecting e.g. viscosity, pvT diagrams, appearance, and residual stresses (Bendada et al., 2004; Dininger, 1994; Obendrauf et al., 1993; Reiter et al., 2014; Rose et al., 1990). Temperature measurement can be conducted directly with temperature sensors, the types of sensors are mainly thermocouples, IR, and ultrasonic sensors (Ageyeva et al., 2019). However, the measurement of melt temperature in-line is nontrivial (Bendada et al., 2004; Reiter et al., 2014). It is possible to measure melt temperature in multiple positions on the injection moulding machine, e.g. in the nozzle, inlet, and cavity. For practical reasons, the sensors need to be flush mounted to ensure a minimum of visual defects and flow alterations (Kamal et al., 1986). The temperature of the melt in the barrel is not constant, as it depends both on the position in the length and depth of the barrel (Amano & Utsugi, 1989). This review focuses on determining an average value of melt temperature in the barrel, as methods utilised in the cavity generally are shape specific (Panchal & Kazmer, 2010; Reiter et al., 2014; Varela et al., 1996). The most widespread method to measure melt temperature is off-line and is done by purging material into an isolated cup and measuring temperature by moving a probe around in the material to find the hottest spot. The probe is preheated to 30 degrees above the expected temperature (Ashwin Kumar et al., 2017). The review focuses on three different sensor types to measure the melt temperature, namely an IR sensor, a thermocouple, and an ultrasonic sensor.
Design Optimization of the Transformational Challenge Reactor Outlet Plenum
Published in Nuclear Science and Engineering, 2022
N. D. See, S. Cetiner, B. R. Betzler
In this case, the measurement of temperature, or more specifically the core outlet temperatures, is of particular importance. Mature temperature measurement technologies, such as resistance temperature detectors (RTDs) or thermocouples, provide pointwise temperature indications of the fluid temperature field. If the flow field were in equilibrium with respect to the pointwise measurement, then it would be straightforward to anchor this single-point indication to the condition and thus the integrity of the cladding (in the case of LWRs) or, more generally, the integrity of the next defense-in-depth layer.