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Engine Oils and Their Evaluation/Engine Lubrication Aspects
Published in Wilfried J. Bartz, Engine Oils and Automotive Lubrication, 2019
This chapter describes the development of such synthetic lubricants. It shows that well chosen esters are good candidates for two-stroke engine lubrication whatever the severity of use. When two surfaces moving relative to each other are completely separated by a thick film of oil, they are considered as being in a hydrodynamic lubrication regime. The hydrocarbon tail has a strong affinity for oil, and hence, the surface is easily lubricated. Film oil formation and hydrodynamic lubrication has no good continuity. The measure of the electrical resistance of the oil film between roller and ring gives information on film formation and thus, the lower level of wear reached. Electric flow through thin oil film is very complex, depending on many factors other than film thickness. A single cylinder engine was used to evaluate the lubricity characteristics of two-stroke engine oils from our development program.
Balancing and vibrations
Published in Allan Bonnick, Automotive Science and Mathematics, 2008
A single-cylinder engine is to be balanced by placing masses on the crank, as shown in Figure 12.11. The piston and gudgeon pin have a mass of 0.450 kg, the connecting rod mass is 0.65 kg, and the crank pin mass is 0.14 kg. The crank pin and part of the connecting rod act at an effective radius of 80mm from the centre of the crank and the balance masses are to be placed at an equal radius on the opposite side of the crank. To achieve a satisfactory degree of balance, 50% of the mass of the reciprocating parts plus the mass of the rotating parts is added in the form of balance masses. For balancing purposes, 70% of the connecting rod mass is taken to be a rotating mass. Determine the mass of the two balance masses that act at the same radius as the crank pin.
Monitoring Internal Combustion Engines by Neural Network Based Virtual Sensing
Published in Lakhmi Jain, Anna Maria Fanelli, Recent Advances in Artificial Neural Networks, 2000
R.J. Howlett, M.M. de Zoysa, S.D. Walters
A single-cylinder engine offered a number of advantages over a multicylinder power unit. The correlation between the spark voltage vector, measured at the only spark plug of the single cylinder engine, and the lambda measured via the exhaust, was likely to be better than was obtainable in a multi-cylinder unit. The single-cylinder engine would also be likely to offer inherently increased lambda stability, allowing the capture of larger quantities of consistent data, which was required for improved classification.
Combined influence of fuel injection strategy and nanoparticle additives on the performance and emission characteristics of a biodiesel fueled engine
Published in Cogent Engineering, 2021
Engine experiments are executed in a Kirloskar TV1 four stroke engine. It is a single cylinder engine with water as the coolant used. Figure 1 shows the engine set up and Table 1 shows the specifications of the engine. Engine is loaded by eddy current dynamometer. Sensors are attached to determine temperatures. Measurements of jacket water and calorimeter water flow rate are noted using a rotameter. It is linked to a computer which records the pressure variation per crank angle readings with the help of a software. An AVL gas analyzer is used to note the engine emissions such as NOx, CO, HC and AVL smoke meter are used to measure smoke data. The details of the instruments used in the experimentation are provided in Table 2.
A study of diesel and Pongamia Pinnata biodiesel combustion in compression ignition engines using zero-dimensional modelling and experimental methods
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2020
Nirmal Jose, Dileep Vijayan Nair, Kiran Kavalli, Ravikumar Ramegowda, Gurumoorthy Sheshagiri Hebbar
The present work develops a 0D combustion model which can be used for any fuel of known calorific value and chemical composition, and further validates the developed model using experimental results for diesel, Pongamia Pinnatta biodiesel, and diesel-biodiesel blends. The numerical model makes use of a single-zone model, which considers the entire combustion chamber as a single entity. Progressive Combustion Simulation (PCS) with a 0D model, is implemented. A step-by-step approach is considered for estimating engine cylinder pressure, temperature and volume across salient points in the engine cycle. Power output is evaluated for performance characterisation of the research engine. The 0D single-zone model for CI engine is developed initially for predicting the characteristics with diesel fuel in the single-cylinder engine. The numerical results for engine performance and emission for diesel fuel are compared with experimental results. The computational model can be extended for applications of various biodiesel fuels and blends derived from any vegetable oil, fats, and algae with minimal fuel inputs such as chemical formula and calorific value (Raja et al. 2018).
Influence of injection timing on engine performance, emission characteristics of Mimusops Elangi methyl ester
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2020
R. L. Krupakaran, T. Hariprasasd, A. Gopalakrishna
The flexible single cylinder engine has been investigated to evaluate the effect of injection pressure and injection timing on performance, combustion and emission fuelled with mineral diesel fuel. Numerous studies suggest that, retarding injection timing reduces NOx emissions (Bosch 2000; Sayin, Uslu, and Canakci 2008). The authors conducted the experiment on rubber seed oil with diesel at a proportion of 20% by volume (RSO20) at a constant speed 1500 rpm and an injection pressure of 200 bar on four stroke, air cooled single cylinder diesel engine at different injection timing 24°, 27°, 30°, 33° bTDC. As a result of investigations the BTE of RSO20 at 30° bTDC, is high compared with other injection timings and BFEC is increased when advancing the injection timing. The emissions HC and CO were reduced and NOx was marginally increased When advance injection timing at full load condition (Karthik et al. 2017). In the case of Jatropha biodiesel operation, BSFC increases when injection timing is varied from advanced to retarded. But, in case of diesel oil, BSFC increases, whether injection timing is advanced or retarded (Ganapathy, Gakkhar, and Murugesan 2011). The low heat rejection (LHR) turbocharged direct injection diesel engine based on effects of injection timing on NOx emissions. The LHR engine was tested at 181 and 161 crank angle (CA) before top dead centre by keeping the load and Speeds at constant. The results showed a reduction of Brake specific fuel consumption and NOx emissions when the injection timing was retarded (Buyukkaya and Cerit 2008).