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Internal Combustion Engines
Published in Iqbal Husain, Electric and Hybrid Vehicles, 2021
The diameter of the cylinder is called the bore. The bore in automotive spark-ignition engines are typically between 70 and 100 mm. Too small a bore leave no room for valves while exceedingly large bores mean more mass and longer flame travel time. The smaller bores enable higher rpm of the engines. The vertical distance traversed by the piston from the BDC to the TDC is called the stroke. The stroke is typically between 70 and 100 mm. Too short a stroke means there will not be enough torque. The length of the stroke is limited by the piston velocities. The minimum displacement of a cylinder can be 250 cc, while the maximum can be up to 1,000 cc. The acceptable bore and stroke lengths lead to multiple cylinder engines. The multiple cylinders can be arranged inline, flat or in a V-shaped configuration depending on the number of cylinders. The typical arrangements are given in Table 13.1.
Reciprocating Engines
Published in Neil Petchers, Combined Heating, Cooling & Power Handbook: Technologies & Applications, 2020
Cylinders are chambers located inside the engine in which air or an air-fuel mixture is compressed, the fuel is ignited, and the power is produced. Figure 9-7 shows a single engine cylinder liner and water jacket. Liners are referred to as wet or dry, depending on whether the sleeve is in direct contact with the cooling water. The cylinder liners are inserted in the large circular holes in the cylinder block.
Bringing the Fire
Published in Patrick Hossay, Automotive Innovation, 2019
Besides inertia, the other element that keeps our engine functioning smoothly is the fact that most engines have more than one piston. So, when one piston is in the compression stroke, and so not producing any rotational energy, another piston is in the power stroke, pushing the crankshaft around. Engines can have any number of cylinders, from 1 to as many as 12 or more. In fact, Cadillac produced a concept car in 2003 called the Sixteen that had, you guessed it, 16 cylinders. The cylinders are made to begin ignition in succession at even intervals, called the firing order. This allows for the cylinders to work together keeping the crankshaft rotating more uniformly, rather than abruptly jerking with each power stroke or slowing between strokes. It can also allow us to ensure that two adjacent cylinders aren’t firing at the same time, since they’d both be trying to draw in a charge simultaneously, potentially causing one to draw fuel and air away from the other, a problem called induction robbery.
Tribo-mechanical performance of brake composite material: a comprehensive review
Published in Tribology - Materials, Surfaces & Interfaces, 2023
Dhinakaran Veeman, Jitendra Kumar Katiyar, Alessandro Ruggiero
A disc brake is fastened to the centre of the wheel, as illustrated in Figure 1. A fixed casing is known as a calliper. A permanent item is attached to callipers such as an axle box or stub-axle, cast into a piston and divided into two parts [22,26]. In the interim part, a friction pad is kept in one place by holding pins, spring plates, etc., between each piston and the disc. These passages are generally associated with a bleeding route. In any cylinder, it is a ring between the piston and the cylinder. The brake disc typically consists of galvanized iron but frequently consists of polysaccharides, ceramic material and metal alloys [27–29]. The carbon reinforces the composites. The disc brake system has superior stopper efficiency to the drum braking system because the drive is more relaxed, and the braking pad has a more excellent impact surface. The disc brakes and discs are less likely to regenerate fast after immersion. There is one leading shoe servo effect [30,31] for several drum brake types. A disc brake has no automated action but is continually in line with the resistance of a brake servo, braking pedal or lever and makes the driver feel better to prevent impending lockup.
Thermal and static analysis of engine piston rings
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2022
E. Gopi, M. Saleem, Sri Chandan, Arun Nema
Nowadays, the demand for energy released and storage of energy has increased in the automobile industry and aerospace industries (Singh and Sharma 2014). To reduce the cost and weight of material, the automobile and aerospace components are manufactured by composites. To prevent and reduce the wear and friction in combustion engines, gases from combustion is by-passed and friction is kept to a minimum (Munyao et al. 2013) at each ring around it. The piston ring maintains gas compression between the cylinder wall and piston. It seals the cylinder and compression gas is generated (Fang et al.2017) at ignition. If leaks occur between the cylinder and piston, the engine cannot have sufficient power. Piston rings maintain necessary lubricating oil film between the cylinder and the piston to avoid friction. Ignition occurs in the engine after the combustion process, the temperature (Zhang, Li, and Xu 2013) reaches a maximum and leads to damage of the engine. Piston rings are used to release the temperature built up in the engine (Parthiban et al. 2015). Piston rings are used to move the piston easily up and down without any disturbance. Piston rings are usually made of some metals and coated with different coating techniques (Georgiev and Roldan Dk 2013), Some engines have several rings made of cast iron and it is approximately made of 2–6 rings and each ring has different functions (Sathish Kumar 2016).