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Renewable digital transformation and cybersecurity management
Published in Henry K. H. Wang, Renewable Energy Management in Emerging Economies, 2020
Globally, oceans are covering over 70% of the earth’s surface. Global warming and climate change have huge impacts on the oceans around the world. Sea temperatures and water qualities are key measurements required to monitor climate impacts. Scientists have been recording sea surface temperature (SST) to better understand the climate change impacts on oceans globally. To measure SST, scientists have deployed temperature sensors on satellites, buoys, ships, ocean reference stations, and through marine telemetry. Advanced digital IOT water quality sensors on suitable buoys or carriers have been launched remotely into oceans or seas so that they can collect valuable water quality data for detailed analysis. Advanced IOT ocean temperature and water sensors included sea surface temperature (SST) measurements by advanced satellite microwave radiometers and infrared (IR) radiometers which are in moored or drifting buoys. Ocean scientists could then apply BDS to analyse the global ocean data collected through the IOT sensors so as to better identify the climate change impacts on oceans globally. Then suitable mitigate actions could be developed and applied accurately at different ocean locations so as to minimise climate change and global warming damages to oceans globally.
Introductions
Published in Victor Raizer, Optical Remote Sensing of Ocean Hydrodynamics, 2019
Another significant contribution of optical remote sensing methods is monitoring of SST across the globe. SST is a fundamental geophysical variable which strongly influences climate variability and the Earth’s hydrological cycle. Thermal infrared measurements of SST have a long heritage (more than 30 years). Today satellite infrared and microwave radiometers provide SST mapping on a regular basis. Example of skin SST map derived from satellite infrared and microwave data is shown in Figure 1.6. This image displays the global distribution of SST with mesoscale thermal features and anomalies including patterns of water circulation, locations of cold water upwelling near the coasts, and warm water currents such as the Gulf Stream.
Passive Imaging
Published in Iain H. Woodhouse, Introduction to Microwave Remote Sensing, 2006
Sea surface temperature (SST) is also important in the dynamic heat exchange between ocean and atmosphere, as well as the associated transport of water. Near surface winds drive water, inducing surface waves and producing near surface transport of water in the form of wind-driven currents. The surface temperature is also important in the processes that exchange water and heat — evaporation removes fresh water from the surface, but also makes available latent heat of evaporation, which is often a key part of the energy balance, especially in the tropics. Conversely, rainfall transports water back to the oceans.
Investigating the Effects of Climate Change on Structural Actions
Published in Structural Engineering International, 2022
André Orcesi, Alan O’Connor, Dimitris Diamantidis, Miroslav Sykora, Teng Wu, Mitsuyoshi Akiyama, Abdul Kadir Alhamid, Franziska Schmidt, Maria Pregnolato, Yue Li, Babak Salarieh, Abdullahi M. Salman, Emilio Bastidas-Arteaga, Olga Markogiannaki, Franck Schoefs
There remains significant debate about how rising greenhouse gas concentrations affect tropical cyclones (TCs), however, the available global climate models and downscaling techniques generally support the premise that the frequency of destructive high-intensity storms under changing climate will increase (with large regional variations).60 Current climate models project significant changes in several environmental factors, including sea surface temperature (SST), environmental vertical wind shear, and moisture content and temperature at the tropopause level.61 Among them, the SST is usually considered as the dominant one, linking climate and tropical cyclone phenomena. Increases in sea surface temperatures (SSTs) are acknowledged to be a result of global climate change due to increased CO2 emissions.62 WEF63 suggests that global average SST may increase 4°C by 2060 based on the current trends. Reference [64] found that the peak wind speeds of tropical cyclones could increase by 5% for every 1°C increase in SST. Elsner65 stated that climate change causes higher SST; warmer SST results in more energy which is converted to stronger TC winds.
Observed tropical cyclone-driven cold wakes in the context of rapid warming of the Arabian Sea
Published in Journal of Operational Oceanography, 2022
R. S. Akhila, J. Kuttippurath, B. Balan Sarojini, A. Chakraborty, R. Rahul
There are a number of studies on the cause and effect of basin-wide warming of the Indian Ocean (Du and Xie 2008; Rao et al. 2012; Dong and Zhou 2014; Gnanaseelan et al. 2017; Beal et al. 2020), but the factors responsible for the warming are still unclear. The entire Indian Ocean has been warming for the past 100 years (IPCC 2018), and WIO has been warming at a faster rate than any other tropical ocean. Historical simulations with CO2 forcing for the period 1976–2015 by climate models show a warming trend of 0.1–0.18°C/decade with the highest warming trends over the northern Arabian Sea (Roxy et al. 2020). Global ocean warming has also increased SST and cyclogenesis. For instance, Vellore et al. (2020) observed that there is an increase in severe cyclones in AS by 52% during the period 1951–2018.
Assessing the potential for satellite image monitoring of seagrass thermal dynamics: for inter- and shallow sub-tidal seagrasses in the inshore Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area, Australia
Published in International Journal of Digital Earth, 2018
S. R. Phinn, E. M. Kovacs, C. M. Roelfsema, R. F. Canto, C. J. Collier, L. J. McKenzie
Seagrass management agencies need effective measures of the spatial and temporal variation in SST, and its extremes, in seagrass meadows. This information, when combined with biologically and location-relevant SST thresholds for seagrass species, can be used to monitor thermal stresses in a manner similar to that used for coral reefs – i.e. degree heating weeks (Heron et al. 2016). We note that seagrasses occur over a wider range of latitudes than corals; hence they will have a greater range of thresholds. There are significant predicted and observed changes in SST associated with global climate change and its more local impacts on the environmental processes that control SST, such as oceanic circulation patterns, tropical cyclones and rainfall patterns (Waycott et al. 2007). While in situ measured temperature has been shown to affect the condition of seagrasses at local scales (1–102 km2), more attention is required to understanding its extremes and their dynamics, and along with recognising substantive latitudinal variation in seagrass forms and thermal tolerances, this needs to be translated to larger areas (106 km2) to monitor and assess seagrass response to SST variations. This requires new approaches that build from local scale studies to regional and continental scales. This paper represents a preliminary step towards addressing this problem.