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Introduction
Published in Amitava Sil, Saikat Maity, Industrial Power Systems, 2022
Currently available DG technologies in the 5 kW–5 MW size range include: (i) Reciprocating engines – The engines range in size from less than 5 to over 5,000 kW. Development efforts remain focused on improving efficiency and on reducing emission levels. Reciprocating engines are used primarily for backup power, peaking power and in cogeneration applications. (ii) Micro-turbines – A new and emerging technology, micro-turbines are currently available ranging from 30 to 200 kW. Micro-turbines consist of a compressor, combustor, turbine and a generator. (iii) Industrial combustion turbines – A mature technology, combustion turbines range from 1 to over 5 MW. They have low capital cost, low emission levels and also usually low electric efficiency ratings. (iv) Fuel cells – Although the first fuel cell was developed more than 150 years ago, currently fuel cells are commercially available in the 5–1,000 + kW size range. Fuel cell emission levels are quite low. The few fuel cells currently used provide premium power or are in applications subsidized by the government or gas utilities.
Cogeneration and Distributed Generation
Published in Stephen A. Roosa, Steve Doty, Wayne C. Turner, Energy Management Handbook, 2020
Jorge B. Wong, John M. Kovacik
Reciprocating engines include a variety of internally fired, piston driven engines. Their sizes range from 10 bhp to 50,000 bhp. According to Kovacik (1982), the largest unit supplied by a U.S. manufacturer is rated at 13,500 bhp. In larger plants, several units are used to accommodate part load and to provide redundancy and better availability.
Distributed Energy Systems
Published in Moncef Krarti, Energy Audit of Building Systems, 2020
Reciprocating engine technology has improved significantly over the past decades with increased fuel efficiency, reduced emissions, improved reliability, and low first cost. The use of reciprocating engines for CHP generation applications is expected to continue to grow in the United States and worldwide.
A review of artificial intelligence-based optimization techniques for the sizing of integrated renewable energy systems in smart cities
Published in Environmental Technology Reviews, 2020
Amarsingh B. Kanase-Patil, Avinash P. Kaldate, Shashikant D. Lokhande, Hitesh Panchal, M. Suresh, V. Priya
Combined IRES and Micro-Grid have been studied for rural Maharashtra [41]. Benefits of micro-grid cost reduction, efficient energy use, reliable energy transfer and system security have been found [4,42]. The SCADA system has been connected by microgrids, IRES, diesel generators and sensor networks to monitor and operate the entire system. Reciprocating engines provide low cost and reasonable performance for diesel generator applications but have drawbacks such as high pollution and high maintenance costs. The combustion cycle produces NOx and carbon monoxide (CO) pollutants because of improper mixing of gas–fuel as well as cooling of the improper cylinder. Diesel-based micro-grids result in the highest volume of pollutant contaminants associated with NOx production in the combustion phase. Therefore, they are extremely inconvenient in this regard [43]. SCADA and micro-grid systems are used to collect information of decision-making strategic renewable variables like the capacity of energy generation and investment time [4,44]. In the calculation of IRES size, it is difficult to find non-linear loads that it is possible to use a distributed computing system based solely on voltage profiles determined by a smart meter. In this work, MAS will handle data and classification-related tasks, and ANN will classify both methods are built-in JADE/JAVA and Matlab environment, respectively [45,46].