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Review of Pilot Plant Programs for Bioethanol Conversion
Published in Charles E. Wyman, Handbook on Bioethanol, 2018
American Can Company Plug-Flow Reactor (PFR). A continuous PFR for dilute acid hydrolysis of biomass at a nominal capacity of 1000 kg/d was built by Church and Wooldridge [9] in the early 1980s. The reactor was a jacketed, 9.1-m long, 3.8-cm diameter Carpenter 20 pipe. Biomass was fed to the reactor by a novel high-solids twin ram pump designed by the authors. This pump feeds slugs of material into the reactor and could operate with particles in the 1–2-mm range and up to 40% solids concentration. Early work used a Moyno progressing cavity pump, but solids concentrations were limited to 12%–15%.
Anaerobic digestion of liquid dairy manure pretreated by the microwave-enhanced advanced oxidation process
Published in Environmental Technology, 2023
Kwang Victor Lo, Ping Huang Liao, Fahmida Islam, Tinu Thomas Cherian
A 25 kW magnetron microwave generator unit (Guoguang Electric GMG-925) was fitted with an automatic matching tuner (Sairem) and the generated microwave was directed through the waveguide to an applicator (hollow aluminum conduit). Four 43 × 0.5 m silicone tubes in parallel (total volume 9.7L) placed inside the applicator constituted the reaction chamber, where the reaction was to take place. The feeding system included a variable speed progressing cavity pump motor (NETZCH Canada Inc.), a hydrogen peroxide dosing pump, and a steel holding tank. A power meter (Accuenergy), flow meter (Endress + Hauser) and fibre optic probes (Osensa) were installed for system monitoring.
Spray-dried almond milk powder containing microencapsulated flaxseed oil
Published in Drying Technology, 2022
Federico Bueno, Alexander Chouljenko, Vondel Reyes, Subramaniam Sathivel
The emulsions of 0% AMFO (control), 2% AMFO, and 4% AMFO were dried using a pilot plant scale FT80 Tall Form Spray Dryer from Armfield Inc. (Ringwood, UK) under co-current conditions to produce 0AMFOP, 2AMFOP, and 4AMFOP, respectively. The FT80 includes inlet and exhaust air fans, a tall drying chamber with 147 cm in length and 30.56 cm in diameter, an electrical air heating chamber, a two-fluid nozzle atomizer, and a cyclone separator. To calculate air velocity and the temperature of the room, an anemometer (Anemomaster model 6162, Kanomax Inc., Japan) was utilized. To calculate the inlet relative humidity, an Omega 4-in-1 multifunctional anemometer (Omega Engineering, Stamford, CT, USA) was used. The incoming air to the drying chamber was drawn in by the inlet fan where the ambient temperature was heated using an electric resistance heater at 150 °C as described by Mis Solval et al.[9] The production of spray-dried powders at 150 °C ensures low moisture contents providing standards of quality for instant powder products.[11] The liquid emulsions were placed in a feeding container where a progressing cavity pump transported them through a plastic hose at 10 mL/min to the spray nozzle where the liquid particles were atomized and sprayed into the drying chamber. During the drying process the powder was pooled at the bottom of the drying chamber into the cyclone where the powder was collected at the powder collector. The dust and dry air were propelled to the dust collector and the air was released through a filter bag out of the spray dyer. Measurements of the diameter of the internal air intake pipe and exhaust pipe were taken as well as exhaust air temperature, relative humidity, and velocity. The average estimated production rate was the sum of the average actual production rate and the average powder held at the walls of the spray dryer.
Experimental study on heat transfer and pressure drop of in-house synthesized graphene oxide nanofluids
Published in Heat Transfer Engineering, 2019
Milad Rabbani Esfahani, Mahesh R. Nunna, Ethan Mohseni Languri, Kashif Nawaz, Glenn Cunningham
A closed loop heat transfer setup was developed to evaluate the pressure drop and heat transfer enhancement when GO nanoparticles added to the base fluid, Figure 1. The setup consists of the test section (copper pipe with the length of 1.07 m and inner diameter of 0.019 m), a pump equipped with a variable frequency drive (VFD), flow meter (Omega FTB691A-NPT), differential pressure gage (Dwyer 4205-B), a shell-and-tube heat exchanger, and a cooling section. A Samox insulated ultra-high-temperature heating tape (STH102-060) from Omega was used to heat the copper pipe and was regulated by a voltage regulator (VOLTEQ) with a maximum power output of 5 kWatts. Three different uniform heat flux conditions (7.4, 9.1, and 12.6 kW/m2) were considered by regulating the voltage supplied to the heater. Ten T-type Omega self-adhesive thermocouples placed at equal distance were used to find the surface temperature of the test section, and Omega’s miniature insertion thermocouples probes (TMQSS-125) were also used to find the inlet and outlet temperatures of the fluid test section. All thermocouples were calibrated before taking the recording the test data. The entire test section was insulated with the fiberglass insulation, and the rest of the experimental setup including flexible hoses were insulated as well. Surface temperatures, temperatures across the test section and the cooling section, were monitored using the LabVIEW by connecting the thermocouple leads to NI-9213. Volumetric flow rate in the system and pressure difference across the pump were monitored continuously. A shell-and-tube heat exchanger (Standard Xchange SSCF 05024) was used to transfer the heat from the test section to the cooling section. The cooling section consists of a pump and a tank to circulate the water from the shell and tube heat exchanger to the tank. To adjust for different flow rates across the closed loop, a variable frequency drive from Lenze AC Tech was connected to a progressing cavity pump (0.5 HP, 230/460 V).