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Open-Circuit Metal Dissolution Processes
Published in Madhav Datta, Electrodissolution Processes, 2020
The development of the CMP process for Cu was one of the milestones that made the implementation of Cu interconnect possible. An important aspect of the Cu CMP process development involved consideration of the interactions between Cu plating and Cu CMP. These interactions are at both local and global levels and create challenges in process integration. Overfill effect of dense lines during electroplating is an example of such interactions. The overfill effects are known to leave residual Cu in dense lines during CMP resulting in electrical failure due to shorting. On the other hand, overpolishing of wafers to clear the Cu residues leads to excessive dishing in wide Cu lines. Another example is the need for significant excess plating to fill up the wide lines for geometric leveling during plating. However, such “overburden copper” places a heavy burden on the CMP process. Optimization of these processes, therefore, involves a closer interaction between CMP and electroplating teams.
System Integration Approaches in Natural Gas Conversion
Published in Jianli Hu, Dushyant Shekhawat, Direct Natural Gas Conversion to Value-Added Chemicals, 2020
Hisham Bamufleh, Mahmoud M. El-Halwagi
Process integration is a holistic approach to design and operation that emphasizes the unity of the process (El-Halwagi, 1997). It provides a powerful framework for conserving natural resources, enhancing yield, mitigating pollution, and debottlenecking. There are three primary categories of process integrations: energy, mass, and property integration (El-Halwagi, 2017a; Smith, 2016; Towler and Sinnott, 2013). Graphical techniques such as “pinch analysis” have been used to construct composite diagrams for energy, mass, and property flows, allocation, and conversion for the whole process and to determine performance benchmarks (targets). Algebraic and optimization techniques have also been used. Graphical techniques offer valuable visualization insights but become cumbersome when complex problems are encountered (in which case, algebraic and optimization techniques become the preferred method of solution). Next, it is necessary to assess and improve several objectives for the process such as operability, controllability, sustainability, reliability, and safety. Systematic techniques may be used to address these objectives and to generate improved PFDs (e.g., Ortiz-Espinoza et al., 2019; Ade et al., 2018; Thiruvenkataswamy et al., 2016). Figure 15.3 shows the incorporation of process integration and multicriteria decision making in the design.
Foundations in Systems Integration
Published in Gary O. Langford, Engineering Systems Integration, 2016
The aim of process integration may be to (1) improve (e.g., maximize) production (output) efficiency or effectiveness; (2) increase the independence from changes in the operational environment, improve user satisfaction, immunize the assumptions and decisions from technology and legislative vagaries, and enhance the interoperability with known and unknown future systems; (3) expand the partnering opportunities through network-centric operations; and (4) deliver process visibility through standards, shared data, and interpretable protocols.
A small-scale distributed polygeneration with local renewable resources for a remote place of India: techno-economic optimisation
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2021
Figure 7(b) shows the variation of LCOE with the addition of more output utilities. When multiple utilities are obtained from the same system through efficient process integration, then the LCOE decreases. This is because the efficient process integration increases the overall efficiency of the system. The addition of economic value of these utilities decreases the LCOE which is a better socially acceptable solution. The LCOE is the least when the polygeneration system delivers electricity, ethanol and chill as the utility outputs. The LCOE increases by about 10% when potable water is added as one output. This is because of the addition of the TVC unit which is capital intensive. But drinking water is an essential need for the people in this locality to survive as these islands are surrounded by saline water creeks. So, potable water should be added as a utility output of this polygeneration system.
Supplier integration and firm performance: the moderating effects of internal integration and trust
Published in Production Planning & Control, 2018
Min Zhang, Fiona Lettice, Hing Kai Chan, Hieu Thanh Nguyen
Process integration occurs when a firm works together with suppliers to structure and synchronise inter-organisational processes and involves its key suppliers in internal operations (Zhao et al. 2008). Collaborative planning and inventory management enable a firm to improve procurement and logistics processes and optimise supply management (Gimenez and Venture 2005). By involving suppliers in product development and improvement projects, a firm and suppliers can develop a common understanding of how to fulfil customer demands and respond to changes in markets (Schoenherr and Swink 2012). Joint decision-making and problem solving facilitate a firm and suppliers to coordinate activities and synchronise processes, which help them to maintain relationships, avoid possible conflict and serve customers better (Palomero and Chalmeta 2014).
Advances in state-of-art valorization technologies for captured CO2 toward sustainable carbon cycle
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2018
Shu-Yuan Pan, Pen-Chi Chiang, Weibin Pan, Hyunook Kim
On the other hands, process integration is defined as a holistic approach for designing the optimized process, which exploits the interactions between different unit processes to effectively utilize energy and resources, thereby minimizing operating costs. For CO2 valorization technologies, development of viable heat integration methods is an imperative task to improve the overall energy efficiency and emission profile of an emission source. Pinch analysis should be applied for designing the system to minimize energy consumption and to maximize heat recovery. This work should be systematically considered with heating and cooling systems as well as conventional air pollution control equipment, such as selective catalytic reduction (for nitrogen oxides), electrostatics precipitator (for particulate matters), and flue gas desulfurization (for sulfur oxides). For instance, the heat from exothermic reactions (such as carbonation) should be reused for other unit processes, e.g., material drying, process heating, and conversion of CO2 directly to methane (synthetic natural gas). A comprehensive performance evaluation also should be carried out to balance the 3E (engineering, economic, and environmental) performance for a variety of valorization technologies.