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Metal-Cutting Operations
Published in David A. Stephenson, John S. Agapiou, Metal Cutting Theory and Practice, 2018
David A. Stephenson, John S. Agapiou
Planing and shaping are machining processes in which the tool moves linearly and reciprocally with respect to the workpiece. In planing, the workpiece reciprocates while the tool is fixed and indexes across the workpiece to provide the feed motion. In shaping, the tool reciprocates across the work-piece. As implied by their names, planing is used largely to produce flat surfaces, while shaping can be used to produce a variety of contoured surfaces. Workpieces of any size can be machined with the planing operation while only small or medium-sized parts can be machined by shaping. Neither process is widely used in mass production, since flat surfaces can be produced more rapidly by broaching or face milling. Planing is commonly used in machinery manufacture to produce flat surfaces on large castings or forgings. Shaping is used for keyways, gear teeth, and similar features, which in many applications may also be broached.
Surface Mechanical (Physical) Treatments Prior to Bonding
Published in A. Pizzi, K. L. Mittal, Handbook of Adhesive Technology, 2017
Janette Brezinová, Anna Guzanová, Dagmar Draganovská
Grinding is one of the ways to prepare a product surface before applying coatings or adhesive bonding. Grinding is used mainly for removing imperfections or unevenness of the material surface; for example, seams on castings and forgings, pores, scales, corrosion products, the reinforcement of welds, and so on. In principle, grinding is comparable to milling (i.e., grinding with grinding wheels) or planing (i.e., grinding with abrasive belts). By pressing the metallic surface against a grinding wheel, a large number of abrasive grains with different geometries are in contact with the substrate. Each abrasive grain acts similarly to the cutting edge of a mill: it gradually cuts a chip of small section. On the grinding wheel, a large number of grains cut a large number of microscopic chips (Figure 2.53). The shape of the individual chips corresponds to the size and shape of the abrasive grain and the contact force between the grain and the surface.
Shaping/Planing Operations and Machines
Published in Zainul Huda, Machining Processes and Machines, 2020
Shaping/planing is a machining operation that involves a linear relative motion between a workpiece and a single-point cutting tool to produce flat surface. In shaping, the tool has a reciprocating speed motion, whereas the workpiece has a feed motion; here the work is cross-fed during the machining operation (see Figure 8.1a). In planing, the workpiece has a reciprocating speed motion, whereas the tool has a feed motion; here the tool is cross-fed during the cut (see Figure 8.1b).
CNC-C2: an ISO14649 and IEC61499 compliant controller
Published in International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing, 2021
Eduardo Harbs, Gabriel H. Negri, Guilherme Jarentchuk, Allan Y. Hasegawa, Roberto S. U. Rosso Jr, Marcelo da Silva Hounsell, Fernando H. Lafratta, Joao Carlos Ferreira
The models defined in IEC61499 are a suitable approach in manufacturing systems for dealing with the current need for adaptive and flexible process planing for customised demands. An example of adaptive FB-based system is presented in Liu, Li, and Wang (2017), to handle uncertainties related to available machine-tools and complex parts with many different features. FB-based models can be used as a tool for uniting computer software to CNC machine level systems (Wang 2015; Tapoglou et al. 2015). FBs are also suitable for the next generation industry, in a combination with cyber-physical systems, due to the system flexibility achieved with their use, as presented by Wang and Haghighi (2016); Malik et al. (2018); Wan et al. (2019) and in smart grid automation (Zhabelova, Vyatkin, and Dubinin 2015).
Multi-physical analysis of the electrochemical behaviour of OFHC copper surfaces obtained by orthogonal cutting
Published in Corrosion Engineering, Science and Technology, 2021
L.A. Denguir, J.C. Outeiro, G. Fromentin
Orthogonal cutting tests were performed in the planing configuration (Figure 1) on flat specimens (40 × 15 × 4 mm) of OFHC copper (annealed at 450°C for 2 h, with an average grain size of 55 μm), using a DMG DMC85 V milling machine. Uncoated cemented tungsten carbide cutting tools with four different geometries were used. All tool geometries were characterised by an edge radius (rn) of 10 ± 2 μm. Rake angle values (γ) of 20° and 30° and flank angles (α) of 5° and 10° were used, and two uncut chip thickness (h) values of 0.05 and 0.2 mm were used. The cutting speeds (Vc) used were 90 and 120 m min−1. The width of cut (W) was kept constant and equal to 4 mm. Low-temperature pressurised air (−5 ± 2°C; 6 bar) cooling generated by a vortex system was applied to minimise the adhesion phenomenon between the tool and the work material. The cutting parameters and tool geometry details are shown in Figure 1.