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Thermodynamic Aspects of Phase Stability
Published in Mary Anne White, Physical Properties of Materials, 2018
We let p represent the number of types of phases within the system. A phase is considered to be a homogeneous region separated from other homogeneous regions by a phase boundary (or surface of discontinuity). For example, an ice water solution with excess salt has p =3. The discontinuities from one phase to the next can be considered to be the variation in density of the beaker’s contents from the top to the bottom of the beaker.
Bio-interactive nanoarchitectonics with two-dimensional materials and environments
Published in Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 2022
Xuechen Shen, Jingwen Song, Cansu Sevencan, David Tai Leong, Katsuhiko Ariga
Artificial cell substrates are almost exclusively solids (glass, metals, and polymers). Still, cells growing and maintaining vital functions on liquid substrates has been demonstrated. Water-immiscibility allows a liquid to form a phase boundary with tissue culture medium. If the liquid is also denser than water, then it will form the bottom phase. Liquid–liquid interface culture (LIC) grows cells at the phase boundary. Cells are supported on the bottom phase (water-immiscible liquid) and receive nutrients from the top phase (medium). Liquid–liquid interface culture offers unique insights into cell-substrate interactions and unique conditions for modulating cell behavior. Elastic stress is nearly absent as compared to solid substrates. Viscous stress ranges widely depending on liquid properties. These factors create atypical cell environments, where cell behaviors can be strongly correlated to viscoelastic substrate properties.
Adiabatic kinetics of phase transformation in shape memory TiNi alloy subjected to shock loading
Published in Philosophical Magazine, 2021
Yonggui Liu, Mengmeng Hui, Lingyan Shen
The moving phase boundary is also a temperature interface. The temperature distribution and evolution satisfies [15]: Across the discontinuity, a jump in the heat flux is stated as follows: where Cp, k and h are the heat capacity per unit volume, heat conductivity and heat convection, respectively. R is the radius of the rod. For simplicity, it was usually assumed that Cp, k and h have the same values for both austenite and martensite phases. is the heat source, containing latent heat l and strain dissipated energy with the Taylor–Quinney factor β (=1.0). Apparently, the overall temperature gradient across the phase boundary is strongly affected by the speed of phase boundary propagation .
Investigation of the wettability and washing, perspiration and rubbing fastness of denim fabric in the presence of some nano-metal oxides and nano-Ag
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2018
The contact angle is an important parameter for determining the hydrophobicity of surfaces. Contact angle, θ, is a quantitative measure of wetting of a textile’s surface by a liquid and dependence of droplet volume and time. The method of water drop contact angle is widely used to define hydrophobic properties of waterproof textile materials. The basis of this method is that a particular quantity of liquid is instilled onto the observational surface and after a certain time the water drop contact angle is measured. It is defined geometrically as the angle formed by a liquid at the three-phase boundary where a liquid, gas and solid intersect. The well-known Young equation (Bachurova & Wiener, 2013; Pakdel, Daoud, & Wang, 2013; Taylor, Urguhart, Zelzer, Davies, & Alexander, 2007) describes the balance at the three-phase contact of solid-liquid and gas,