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Running gear
Published in Andrew Livesey, Practical Motorsport Engineering, 2019
Wheelbase (WB) – is measured from the centre of the front axle (imaginary) to the centre of the rear axle. The overall length (OL) is measured from front bumper to rear bumper. Both the wheelbase and the ratio of the wheelbase to the overall length (k1) k1 = WB/OL are important variables in suspension design. A long wheelbase relative to the overall length of the vehicle allows for the accommodation of passengers between the axles, so the floor can be flat in the foot well and the seat cushion height has less special constraints. It reduces the affect of load positioning in the vehicle; this includes the position of the engine and gearbox. It reduces the tendency to pitching, especially on undulating country roads, which in turn allows the use of softer springs that tend to give passengers a more comfortable ride. With the reduced overhang there is less polar inertia, which improves the swerveability of the vehicle. The length of the wheelbase affects the turning circle for any given input of steering angle. American car companies have set ratios for wheelbase and overall length; this is to give a particular aesthetic to their full size cars – for example the Lincoln. On the compacts and sub-compacts (ordinary European-style cars) this does not apply.
Safety in Transport
Published in Lowe FCILT David, Intermodal Freight Transport, 2006
Overhang is the distance by which the body and other parts of a vehicle extend beyond the rear axle. The maximum overhang permitted for rigid goods vehicles (i.e. motorcars and heavy motorcars) is 60 per cent of the distance between the centre of the front axle and the point from which the overhang is to be measured. The point from which overhang is measured is, in the case of two-axled vehicles, the centre line through the rear axle, and in the case of vehicles with three or more axles, two of which are rear axles,110 millimetres to the rear of the centre line between the two rear axles.
Vehicle Classification, Structure and Layouts
Published in G. K. Awari, V. S. Kumbhar, R. B. Tirpude, Automotive Systems, 2021
G. K. Awari, V. S. Kumbhar, R. B. Tirpude
Rear OverhangIt is the dimension measured from the centreline of the rear axle to the rear of the vehicle body, including protrusion of any components like number plate, bumper, etc.
Long freight trains & long-term rail surface damage – a systems perspective
Published in Vehicle System Dynamics, 2023
Visakh V. Krishna, Qing Wu, Saeed Hossein-Nia, Maksym Spiryagin, Sebastian Stichel
Coupler angle calculations are often important when trying to ascertain lateral components of LTD in 1D simulations. A lot of work has been done on the same, see [25–27]. The authors assume that vehicles on a curve take positions aligning to the centre line of the track. Coupler angles given by [28] are then related to bogie pivot distance, coupler length and overhang from coupler pin to bogie centre as where θ is the coupler angle in radians; Lc is the coupler pin spacing in m; R is the curve radius in m; Lb is the bogie spacing in m; and LG is the coupler length in m. From this, lateral coupler forces are calculated as the product of coupler angles and the coupler forces determined from LTD simulations.
Performance assessment of urban goods vehicles
Published in Vehicle System Dynamics, 2022
C. J. Isted, C. Eddy, D. Cebon
The coach failed the 9 m left turn for all three performance criteria, with front swing being particularly poor. The reason for a large amount of front swing is due to the large front overhang. To reduce the front swing, the front overhang must be reduced. In order to reduce the overhang in a way that will not overload the rear axle, the rear axle is also moved back, which consequently also reduces TS. Originally the vehicle had a front overhang of 2.89 m, a wheelbase of 6.09 m, a rear axle load of 11.5 tonnes and a front axle load of 7.5 tonnes [37]. The modified vehicle has a front overhang of 1.28 m, a wheelbase of 8.75 m, with the axles loaded as before. In this configuration, FS is 1 m, TS is 0.1 m and SPW is 8.3 m. This design modification has been effective at reducing the front swing and tail swing to acceptable values, but leads to a higher SPW. With tail swing and front swing under the proposed limits, rear-axle steering was introduced. The steering strategy is known as ‘path-following’ steering [38] and is illustrated in Figure 12.
Incrementally constrained dynamic optimization: A computational framework for lane change motion planning of connected and automated vehicles
Published in Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems, 2019
Bai Li, Ning Jia, Pu Li, Xudong Ran, Yan Li
Herein, denotes time, denotes the lane change completion time ( is not fixed, but a decision variable), refers to the rear wheel axis midpoint of vehicle at time t (Figure 1), stands for the orientation angle, refers to the linear velocity of point , denotes the linear acceleration, denotes the steering angle of the front wheels, and denotes the derivative of . In addition, as depicted in Figure 1, the geometric sizes include wheelbase , front overhang length , rear overhang length , and vehicle width .