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Pultruded-FRP for retrofitting purposes: Mechanical characterization
Published in Jan Kubica, Arkadiusz Kwiecień, Łukasz Bednarz, Brick and Block Masonry - From Historical to Sustainable Masonry, 2020
O. Tamborrino, M.A. Aiello, C.R. Passerino
The mechanical characterization of an orthotropic material involves the determination of its elastic constants and strength when subjected to different actions and in different directions. Experimental tests were carried out on small-scale specimens in order to determine the most relevant mechanical properties of the GFRP material in longitudinal/pultrusion and in transversal direction. This experimental study comprised inter-laminar shear, flexural, pin-bearing and tensile tests on GFRP coupons with rovings orientation on the longitudinal direction (to determine the longitudinal properties) and with rovings orientation on the transversal direction (to determine the transversal properties); whose dimensions are reported in Table 3.
Plates with Orthotropic Material Properties
Published in S. Chakraverty, Vibration of Plates, 2008
In recent years, lightweight structures have been widely used in many engineering fields, and hence vibration analysis of differently shaped plates has been studied extensively owing to its practical applications. The applications of composite materials in engineering structures require information about the vibration characteristics of anisotropic materials. The free vibration of orthotropic plates is an important area of such behavior. Orthotropic materials have extensive application in the modern technology, such as in modern missiles, space crafts, nuclear reactors, and printed circuit boards. Their high strength along with small specific mass makes the composite materials ideal for applications in space crafts, vehicle systems, nuclear reactors, etc. Most of the applications subject the composite materials to dynamic loading. It is known that the orthotropic materials exhibit a different dynamic response when compared with that of similar isotropic structures. A vast amount of work has been done for theoretical and experimental results for vibration of orthotropic skew, triangular, circular, annular, and polygonal plates as mentioned by Leissa (1969, 1978, 1981, 1987) and Bert (1976, 1979, 1980, 1982, 1985, 1991). The survey of literature reveals that elliptic orthotropic geometry studies are very few. That is why, in this chapter, an example of the elliptic plates is given. Many studies for other shapes with orthotropy are already available in the literature. The investigation presented in this chapter gives extensive and a wide variety of results to study the free vibration of specially rectilinear orthotropic (i.e., whose symmetrical axes coincide with the principal elastic axes of the plate material): (1) elliptic and circular plates and (2) annular elliptic plates.
Advanced Topics
Published in Eduard Ventsel, Theodor Krauthammer, Thin Plates and Shells, 2001
Eduard Ventsel, Theodor Krauthammer
A material is orthotropic if its mechanical characteristics are specified along two mutually orthogonal directions (for a two-dimensional space). Such a material has different values for E, G, and ν for each direction (see Sec. 7.2). For instance, shells made of delta wood, plywood, fiberglass, metallic composites, and other composite materials fall into the category of orthotropic shells. We assume that the orthotropic material of the shell is so arranged that at each point of the shell its mutually orthogonal directions of elastic symmetry coincide with the principal lines of curvature on the shell’s middle surface. For such orthotropic material of a shell, the stress components are related to strain components at any point located at a distance z from the middle surface, as follows: () σ1z=E11−ν1ν2(ε1z+ν2ε2z);ε2z=E21−ν1ν2(ε2z+ν1ε1z);τ12z=Gγ12z,
Dispersive characterization of Rayleigh surface waves in a liquid medium with inhomogeneity coefficients
Published in Waves in Random and Complex Media, 2023
Sumit Kumar Vishwakarma, Tapas Ranjan Panigrahi
In the current problem, orthotropic magneto-thermo-elastic half-space under gravity and initial stress have been considered. The orthotropic medium exhibits identical and independent mechanical and thermal properties along the three mutually perpendicular directions. Wood, cold-rolled steel, ceramics, as well as bone are the most easily understandable examples of orthotropic materials. Newlands and Stonely [3] studied Rayleigh wave transmission in a two-layer inhomogeneous medium and explained the intensive influences of inhomogeneity on the velocity of the wave-profile. Following their theory, Dutta [4] investigated the Rayleigh wave transmission in a two-layer inhomogeneous medium, whereas He et al. [5] compared the properties of Rayleigh surface waves in elastic and viscoelastic media and compiled the unusual velocity profile in both the media. Vishwakarma and Xu [6,7] explained the dispersion relation of Rayleigh waves under the influence of irregular interface and heterogeneity where Paul et al. [8] evaluated the velocity profile at the irregular bottom of ocean due to point source. Abd-All et al. [9,10] deduced a dispersion relation of Rayleigh surface wave under the influence of rotation and magnetic field in a homogeneous orthotropic medium as well as the orthotropic magneto-thermoelastic medium where the external force is present due to gravity. Biswas and Mukhopadhyay [11] used the eigenfunction expansion method to characterize Rayleigh wave dispersion in orthotropic medium with phase lags while Singh [12] explained the phenomenon of Rayleigh-type surface in nonlocal thermoelastic solid half-space with voids.
A unified formulation for free transverse vibration analysis of orthotropic plates of revolution with general boundary conditions
Published in Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures, 2018
Xianjie Shi, Chunli Li, Fengjun Wang, Fayuan Wei
Orthotropic materials have different material properties or strengths in different orthogonal directions. The orthotropic materials have high strength-to-weight and stiffness-to-weight ratios, which make them ideally suited for use in weight-sensitive structures. Therefore, orthotropic materials are extensively applied in various fields. Plates of revolution (e.g., sector plates, annular plates and circular plates) are widely used as basic structural elements in various kinds of engineering fields, such as nuclear, marine, civil and structural engineering due to their special geometric shapes. With the increased use of orthotropic plates of revolution, a great amount of research effort has been devoted to develop mathematical models to predict the dynamic characteristics of physical models. And well understanding the vibration characteristic of the orthotropic plates of revolution is vital important for the design of plate structures.
Thermo-mechanical interactions in a functionally graded orthotropic thermoelastic medium with rotation and gravity
Published in Mechanics Based Design of Structures and Machines, 2023
Kirti Boora, Sunita Deswal, Aarti Kadian
The current research finds practical applications in the field of earthquake engineering, nuclear reactors, material science and seismology. Orthotropic elastic materials are widely used in various fields, especially biomechanics to model and simulate the mechanical behavior of bone, cartilage and other biological tissues, aerospace industry and automotive industry. Orthotropic materials are used in the construction of bridges, buildings and other structures in civil engineering and in boats and ships in marine engineering due to their high strength, durability and corrosion resistance. In general, orthotropic materials play a crucial role in numerous industries and are essential for manufacturing various components and structures that require high performance and reliability.