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The Power and Transportation Future
Published in Michael Frank Hordeski, Hydrogen & Fuel Cells: Advances in Transportation and Power, 2020
NEVs are also known as low speed vehicles (LSVs) and can legally be driven on any street with a posted speed limit no greater than 35 mph. This means that most urban environments, and many small, rural communities are appropriate locales for NEVs. As gasoline and energy costs escalate in the future, NEVs may become even more attractive. The batteries will need replacement perhaps every five years, but that is a large expense. In addition, thanks to recent legislation, NEV owners are now eligible for a federal tax credit.
Analyzing travel time reliability and its influential factors of emergency vehicles with generalized extreme value theory
Published in Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems, 2019
Zhenhua Zhang, Qing He, Jizhan Gou, Xiaoling Li
To find the extremely prolonged travel time, one approach exists for practical extreme analysis that is called “Peak Over Threshold” (Abarbanel et al., 1992). This method relies on extracting, from a continuous record, the peak values that exceed a certain threshold. The selection of threshold is either based on the physical criteria, or mathematical and statistical considerations. From the view of National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) (NHTSA, 2015), low-speed vehicles should be those operating in the 20–25 mph speed range that equals to 0.089–0.112 s/m. Even though this criterion is intended for OVs, there still exist some inspirations for EVs. EVs may operate at a higher average speed than OVs because of the EVP and make-way behavior. Also, low-speed EVs may cause more losses than OVs. The selected threshold speed should be low enough to show the EVs operate at extreme conditions. From the view of extremity, the percentage of extreme events in total records is not strictly decided. For instance, flood peaks (Canfield, Olsen, Hawkins, & Chen, 1980) are derived as the maximum value over a period; extreme events in applications such as financial risk measured by (Gilli, 2006) account for around 5% of the total events. Thus, we use the threshold of unit travel time to be 0.15 s/m. Under this criterion, 229 of our total unit travel times are extracted. These take about 5% of the total observations.