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Introduction
Published in Ansel C. Ugural, Youngjin Chung, Errol A. Ugural, Mechanical Engineering Design, 2020
Ansel C. Ugural, Youngjin Chung, Errol A. Ugural
Design is the formulation of a plan to satisfy a particular need, real or imaginary. Fundamentally, design represents the process of problem solving. Engineering design can be defined as the process of applying science and engineering methods to prescribe a component or a system in sufficient detail to permit its realization. A system constitutes several different elements arranged to work together as a whole. Design is thus the essence, art, and intent of engineering. Design function refers to the process in which mathematics, computers, and graphics are used to produce a plan. Engineers with more scientific insight are able to devise better solutions to practical problems. Interestingly, there is a similarity between the engineer and the physician. Although they are not scientists, both use scientific evidence complemented by empirical data and professional judgment in dealing with demanding problems.
Probability and making decisions
Published in Andrew Metcalfe, David Green, Tony Greenfield, Mahayaudin Mansor, Andrew Smith, Jonathan Tuke, Statistics in Engineering, 2019
Andrew Metcalfe, David Green, Tony Greenfield, Mahayaudin Mansor, Andrew Smith, Jonathan Tuke
There is, however, a basic approach to defining probability, which is applicable in special cases when we can define the outcomes of some experiment so that they are equally likely to occur. In this context, an experiment is any action that has an uncertain outcome. Typical experiments that are supposed to have equally likely possible outcomes are games of chance played with carefully constructed apparatus such as dice, cards, and roulette wheels. The claim that outcomes are equally likely is based on the symmetry of the apparatus. For example, all the cards in a deck should have the same physical dimensions and all slots and frets on the roulette wheel should have the same physical dimensions1. The equally likely definition of probability was developed in the context of gambling games by Gerolamo Cardano (1501–1576) and other mathematicians including Galileo, Pascal and Fermat in the sixteenth century [David, 1955]. Cards and dice may seem unconnected to engineering, but the generation of digits from 0 up to 9, such that each digit is equally likely to appear as the next in sequence, is the basis of stochastic simulation. Simulation studies have a wide range of applications including engineering design and analysis.
Introduction to Mechatronic Systems
Published in Bogdan M. Wilamowski, J. David Irwin, Control and Mechatronics, 2018
In material science, strength of materials is one of the branches that studies the relation between applied stress and relative deformation in size and probes into the ability of a material to withstand an applied stress without failure. It provides mechanical engineers with an awareness of various responses exhibited by solid engineering materials when subjected to mechanical and thermal loadings. It is an introduction to the physical mechanisms associated with the design-limiting behavior of engineering materials, especially stiffness, strength, toughness, and durability. It provides an understanding of the basic mechanical properties of engineering materials, testing procedures used to quantify these properties, and ways in which these properties characterize material response. It proposes quantitative skills to deal with materials-limiting problems in engineering design, and suggests a basis for materials selection in mechanical design.
First-year undergraduate students’ economic decision outcomes in engineering design
Published in The Engineering Economist, 2022
Tugba Karabiyik, Alejandra J. Magana, Brittany A. Newell
Engineering design is an iterative and systematic process of planning, modeling, testing, and evaluating products and processes to meet desired requirements (Dym, 1994). The engineering design process is complex and requires engineering designers to make strategic design decisions when designing products, systems, or processes (Dym et al., 2005). Design decision-making is a significant part of the engineering design process as it is used to manage the tradeoffs due to uncertainty, complexity, interrelatedness, and situation of the designs (Jonassen, 2012). The decisions made during the design process have a crucial effect on the design process and the design solution (Hansen & Andreasen, 2004). For engineering designers to select and optimize their design solutions, they must tradeoff design goals such as overall cost, physical constraints (e.g., height, weight, and size of a product), safety considerations, and performance. Many tradeoffs that have financial implications; therefore, engineering design decision-making also involves economic decision-making. All economic decisions require accounting information, as it would be used to determine the relationship between the reward (benefit) and sacrifice (cost). The cost-benefit analysis (CBA) is a systematic approach for estimating the strengths and weaknesses of alternatives used to compare a completed or potential course of action or evaluate the benefit against the cost of a decision, project, or policy (David et al., 2013).
Enriching the functionally graded materials (FGM) ontology for digital manufacturing
Published in International Journal of Production Research, 2021
Munira Mohd Ali, Ruoyu Yang, Binbin Zhang, Francesco Furini, Rahul Rai, J. Neil Otte, Barry Smith
Material selection is an essential step in engineering design in which the reliability of the designed entity in meeting the product performance goals is determined. Material selection for a given product begins with a consideration of the properties and costs of candidate materials. First, materials with properties that satisfy the functional requirements and operating conditions of the product being designed are selected. Hardness and strength are examples of material properties. A functionally graded material is a product of the combination of different types of materials, so it too is subject to a material selection process. The coverage of material properties in FGMO 2.0 allows many different sorts of material properties of interest to be accounted for. In the Material Property Ontology, they are categorised under the BFO classes quality and disposition, which are defined as follows (Arp and Smith 2008): Quality is a specifically dependent continuant that inheres in an entity. Quality includes, for example, the mass of an entity.Disposition is a realisable entity that is associated with certain kinds of processes or activities in which the disposition can be realised. Disposition includes, for example, the fragility of a crystal glass that can be realised by breaking, following an impact from falling to the floor.
Fresh in My Mind! Investigating the effects of the order of presenting opportunistic and restrictive design for additive manufacturing content on students’ creativity
Published in Journal of Engineering Design, 2021
Rohan Prabhu, Timothy W. Simpson, Scarlett R. Miller, Nicholas A. Meisel
Engineering design can be broadly described as the process of problem-solving by employing knowledge from different domains. Of the various domains of knowledge utilised in engineering design, the knowledge of manufacturing processes plays a crucial role as manufacturing processes govern the extent to which designers’ solutions are economically viable and feasibly made. Designers are encouraged to integrate design for manufacturing and assembly (DfMA) (Boothroyd 1994) in engineering design to account for the characteristics of traditional manufacturing processes early in the design process with the objective of reducing manufacturing cost and time. For example, Selvaraj, Radhakrishnan, and Adithan (2009) demonstrate that by incorporating DfMA concepts such as standardised geometries, engineering designers can reduce manufacturing time and costs when using sheet metal process.