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Projection
Published in Tim Kuschel, The Live Event Video Technician, 2023
In most cases, projection power is run over long distances. This requires the use of large gauge cables in order to reduce voltage loss. A 20-amp, 218-volt power source can drop to 203 volts at the end of a 200-foot cable run using ten AWG cables; American Wire Gauge standardizes electrical cable sizes. Cables are called out by their gauge and number of conductors. Examples are 12 × 3, 12-gauge times three conductors, and 10 × 3, 10-gauge times three conductors. The cable gauge required is tied to the amperage draw of the projector. Twelve-gauge cable is rated for 20 amps while ten gauge is rated for 30 amps. All projectors are required to list their amp requirements near the power inlet or on the manufacturer’s plate.
Production Engineering
Published in Nwanosike-Warren Quinta, Oil and Gas Engineering for Non-Engineers, 2022
Interventions may be light or heavy. Light interventions are carried out without stopping production. They involve the use of slickline, coiled tubing, or wireline lowered into the well, which all minimize well blockage. A slickline is a single strand of wire, a wireline is a braided electrical cable, and coiled tubing is a long flexible metal pipe between 1 inch and 3.25 inches in diameter. Light interventions are useful for replacing or adjusting equipment downhole such as valves. They may be used to collect data downhole such as flow rates, temperature, and bottom-hole pressure.
The Right Stuff
Published in Sharon Ann Holgate, Understanding Solid State Physics, 2021
For example, plastic drinks bottles are made from lightweight, slightly flexible, transparent, and recyclable polymers, while saucepans are made out of metals with good thermal conductivity and corrosion resistance. Some properties, such as translucency or even electrical conductivity, can make no difference for certain applications, but be vital for others. It doesn’t matter for instance whether the metal wire used to make a piece of jewellery can conduct electricity particularly well or not, but the metal wire used to make an electrical cable must be a good conductor.
A method for the cost optimization of industrial electrical routings
Published in Computer-Aided Design and Applications, 2018
Vincenzo Castorani, Paolo Cicconi, Marco Mandolini, Alessio Vita, Michele Germani
The paper presents a cost optimization method for the design of electrical cable harness, based on the analytic cost analysis of the raw material and cable routing. The inputs of such a method are the cables list and the layout of the plant. The method presented in this paper, even if focused on electrical cabling, can be also extended to other arrangements such as piping. The method, once implemented within a prototypal software tool, has been applied for the cost optimization of the cable routing of an on-shore module for power generation. Thanks to the use of this methodology, considering the portion of the electrical system analyzed in section 3, it was possible to save up to 15% of electrical cable routing cost. The proposed methodology has been iterated on other portions of the electrical system, achieving an average overall cost reduction of about 10%. However, the layout modification is limited only to the position of the branching points and thus it is not possible get an overall change of the layout (only sub-optimal solutions can be achieved). For this reason, future works will address the development of effective and time-efficient algorithms exploring a wider range of solutions. The cost estimation models require a further refinement for reducing the cost estimation error (improvement of the material waste calculation and the variability of the installation phase). Moreover, in order to give a general validation to the proposed approach, it is necessary to test the method on products other than that presented in this paper (e.g. auxiliary facilities of production plants).
High-temperature determination of ammonia by tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS)
Published in Instrumentation Science & Technology, 2023
H. Cui, J. Li, F. Wang, G. Lv, W. Wang, J. Fan
The sample was directed into the analyzer and measured undiluted after passage through a metal filter which was used to protect the absorption cell from dust. This filtration effectively removes particulates with a diameter exceeding 1 μm. The gas tubing connecting the absorption cell was constructed of stainless steel to reduce hysteresis resulting from NH3 absorption and desorption on the surfaces. A heater and temperature sensor were used to control the temperature of the absorption cell. A constant temperature was maintained within the absorption cell. The absorption unit was connected to the analyzer by an optical fiber and electrical cable. A white cell was used to increase the effective optical path and its schematic is shown in Figure 4.
Measurement of high-power transient electromagnetic pulse field with integrated photonic electric-field sensor
Published in Instrumentation Science & Technology, 2023
Xianli Li, Yi Cui, Gaolong Yao, Yongzhen Xi, Xiaoran Hai
Figure 7 shows a comparison of the time-domain waveforms of the applied EMP fields measured by the receiving antenna and the sensor response. The yellow signal represents the applied field a, and the cyan represents the sensor response. The sensor response EMP field waveform exhibited good consistency with the applied field waveform. Further, the time delay of the sensor response was approximately 165 ns that may be attributed to the transmission distance of the optical signal (optical fiber ∼70 m) from the sensor being 50 m longer than that of the electrical signal (electrical cable ∼20 m) from the receiving antenna.