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Major Oil Spills
Published in M.R. Riazi, Oil Spill Occurrence, Simulation, and Behavior, 2021
As reviewed by Riazi (2010) in response to the Exxon Valdez accident, the Oil Pollution Act (OPA) was signed into law in August 1990. The OPA improved the country’s ability to prevent and respond to oil spills by expanding the federal government’s ability and providing money and people if necessary. The OPA also created the national Oil Spill Fund which is available to provide a fund of up to 1 billion dollars per incident. In addition OPA increased penalties for regulatory noncompliance, and broadened the response and enforcement authorities of the federal government. In 1994, the EPA finalized a set of revisions to the OPA regulations that require facility owners or operators to prepare, and in some cases submit to the federal government, plans for responding to a major oil spill incident. For example, this law says the owners of oil tankers must have a detailed plan on what they will do if there is a spill. This law also says that all ships in the US are required to have a double hull by 2015. The law says the owners of a boat that spills oil will have to pay $1200 for every ton they spill. The law also allows the government to collect money from companies that transport oil so when a spill occurs the government can pay for the cleanup (EHSO, 2008).
Principles for Innovation: 40 Ways to Create Good Solutions
Published in Rantanen Kalevi, Conley David W., Domb Ellen R., Simplified TRIZ, 2017
Rantanen Kalevi, Conley David W., Domb Ellen R.
Examples include the following: The double hull in oil tankers.Telescoping structures (umbrella handles, radio antennas, pointers).Business analogies: A special exhibit for one designer inside a boutique store, inside a big market.File structures in the Windows computer operating system (e.g., Chapter 11 is a file in the NewTRIZBook folder, which is a file in the My Documents folder, etc.).Measuring cups or spoons.Stuffing a turkey with sausage, stuffing the sausage with chestnuts, etc.Fractals.Elastic-connected concentric rings to create form-fitting seat.Metal stake made of concentric cylinders of harder and harder metals with hardest being at the core—natural wear keeps the stake “sharp.”
Ships, their cargoes, trades and future trends
Published in Alan E. Branch, Michael Robarts, Branch's Elements of Shipping, 2014
Alan E. Branch, Michael Robarts
The growth of oil tanker tonnage continues to increase annually. In 2011/12 the percentage rise was 6.9%. Overall, this represents 33.1%, or 507,454 dwt, of the world's fleet. The world tanker fleet is one of the most modern. This is due to the mandatory requirement of all ‘Category 1’ tankers to be double hull structured, to displace single hull tonnage. The phasing out of single hull oil tankers, after the banning of the carriage of heavy grade oil in such tonnage, was adopted in December 2003 as amendments to Annex I of the MARPOL Convention followed the November 2002 sinking of the oil tanker Prestige off the Spanish coast. Category 2 and 3 oil tankers were phased out in 2010. The double hull requirements for oil tankers are principally designed to reduce the risk of oil spills from tankers involved in low energy collisions or groundings. Category 1 oil tankers – commonly known as PREMARPOL tankers – include oil tankers of 20,000 dwt and above carrying crude oil, fuel oil, heavy diesel oil or lubricating oil as cargo and tankers of 30,000 dwt and those carrying other oils that do not comply with the requirements of protectively located segregated ballast tanks.
Experimental investigation of granules as crash-absorber in ship building
Published in Ships and Offshore Structures, 2021
Today, the grounding and collision behaviour of ships plays an important role with regard to ship safety. Due to increased environmental awareness, the crashworthiness of a vessel is a crucial aspect of developing, manufacturing, and operating a ship. Thus, the International Maritime Organization (Imo 2019) decided that new oil tankers are required to have double hulls (as of 1996). The double hull is a widely used design feature – not only for oil tankers, but also for many other types of ships, such as bulk carriers or container ships.