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Use of Advanced Micro-imaging Methods in Food Processing
Published in Azharul Karim, Sabrina Fawzia, Mohammad Mahbubur Rahman, Advanced Micro-Level Experimental Techniques for Food Drying and Processing Applications, 2021
Azharul Karim, Sabrina Fawzia, Mohammad Mahbubur Rahman
Atomic force microscopy is a very popular method for investigating the mechanical and rheological properties of the food material. It works based on the interaction between the small tip at the end of a cantilever and the sample surface (see Figure 3.1). The deflections of the cantilever can be measured by the optical reflecting laser beam. The deflection can be horizontal or vertical. The AFM can perform three major investigations including topographic imaging, manipulation and force measurement. It can take high-resolution three-dimensional images up to the nanoscale for food materials. The AFM detector measures the deflection of the cantilever by converting it into an electrical signal.
Introduction
Published in M. Rashad Islam, Md Abdullah Al Faruque, Bahar Zoghi, Sylvester A. Kalevela, Engineering Statics, 2020
M. Rashad Islam, Md Abdullah Al Faruque, Bahar Zoghi, Sylvester A. Kalevela
A beam is a major structural member in engineering. It is defined as the essential bending member which can bend upon lateral loading. It can support axial force as well. As loads act perpendicularly to the longitudinal axis, the shear force also occurs in beams. Deflection is also a major design consideration. Depending on the support condition, a beam can be broadly divided into four types as shown in Figure 1.13:
Materials for Optical Systems
Published in Anees Ahmad, Handbook of Optomechanical Engineering, 2018
The design of optical components often involves some structural aspects where mechanical properties can be used as a basis for comparison. Deflection in any application is a function of five parameters: support conditions, materials, structural efficiency of the design, size (i.e., diameter), and loading. For static conditions, deflection is proportional to the fourth power of diameter of a circular plate, while for dynamic conditions it is proportional to the fifth power. This means that for many large components, keeping edge roll-off allowables to a minimum is essential for good performance.
Experimental investigation on the flexural behaviour of stainless steel reinforced concrete beams
Published in Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, 2022
Musab Rabi, Rabee Shamass, Katherine A. Cashell
The level of deflection which occurs in structural members during service loading is an important consideration in design, to ensure that the building remains suitable for its intended use and comfortable for occupants. As discussed previously, the stainless steel RC members examined experimentally and discussed in this paper demonstrated significantly greater levels of deflection at failure compared with the carbon steel reinforced concrete beam owing mainly to the inherently ductile properties of stainless steel and its survivability, even at high levels of deflection. In addition, as more cracks developed and the strain concentrations in the cross-section were distributed, this enabled the ductility of the section to be mobilised. In the current section, design approaches for estimating and quantifying acceptable levels of deflection are evaluated.
An approach for the reconstruction of a traditional masonry-wooden building located in an archeological area. Part II: Building reconstruction
Published in Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering, 2022
Cemil Akcay, Nail Mahir Korkmaz, Baris Sayin
iv. Since the original building has a wooden-masonry system, the upper storeys were initially designed as timber framing. However, the section dimensions of timber columns and beams were not match with the original member dimensions of the authentic building in case of using timber elements on the upper storeys. In addition, the element deflection values exceeded the regulation limit values when the original building element dimensions were considered in the design. In this case, the timber elements can be separated from its joints in these deflection values, and also the provided vibration results to reduce the comfort of use. Due to all these reasons, the deflection values have been minimized by using steel frames and cross members on the upper storeys. Therefore, it was decided to build the structure using a steel frame system to preserve the original facade and provide deflection limits.
Synthesis of boron suboxide (B6O) with alkaline earth metal oxide materials with improved properties
Published in Particulate Science and Technology, 2019
E. N. Ogunmuyiwa, O. T. Johnson, I. Sigalas
Figure 7(a–c) shows the SEM images of the crack propagation on the polished surfaces of hot-pressed B6O-alkaline earth oxide materials. Crack propagations on these materials could predominantly be related to a transgranular mode and occasions of crack deflection with low deflection angles on the secondary phase (e.g., Figure 7(c)). Most of the crack deflections were either caused by the presence of the secondary phase and/or by the inherent pores. These deflections were reportedly caused by non-wetted grain boundary (Kleebe et al. 2008; Herrmann et al. 2009b). Some similar findings were also observed by other authors (Herrmann et al. 2013; Thiele, Herrmann, and Michaelis 2013). In comparison to the pure B6O, the crack path lengths of the B6O-alkaline earth oxide materials are shorter. The deflection observed can be explained by the stresses that exist in the material. The B6O matrix has a different thermal expansion coefficient (CTE) compared to the secondary phase(s). This could result in the formation of large internal stress when the material is cooled from the sintering temperature. This difference can induce a tangential compressive stress near the particle/matrix interface and thereby diverts the crack around the particle, making the material tough.