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Atmospheric Dispersion, Transport, and Deposition
Published in Wayne T. Davis, Joshua S. Fu, Thad Godish, Air Quality, 2021
Wayne T. Davis, Joshua S. Fu, Thad Godish
Thermal turbulence results from the heating or cooling of air near the Earth’s surface. On clear days, solar heating of ground surfaces transfers heat to the air above it. Convection cells of rising warm air and descending cooler air develop. Under intensive surface heating, convective eddies are generated that extend vertically on the order of 1,000–1,500 m (~3,600–5,000 ft).
Monte Carlo parameter estimation and direct simulation of in vitro hyperthermia-chemotherapy experiment
Published in Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A: Applications, 2021
Nilton Pereira da Silva, Leonardo Antonio Bermeo Varon, José Mir Justino da Costa, Helcio Rangel Barreto Orlande
The non-uniform heating of the cell culture medium containing nanoparticles induced natural convection currents, which directly affected the temperature field in the region and how thermal damage was caused to the heated cells. Such behavior is illustrated in Figure 10, which shows highly nonuniform temperature, velocity and dead cell fields, at times t = 30 s, 60 s, 90 s and 180 s during Phase 3, that is, under the heating imposed by the diode-laser. The distribution of cells in the region followed exactly the opposite trend of dead cells and is not presented here for the sake of brevity. The heat source shown in Figure 9 induced a single natural convection cell, so that the fluid moved upwards in the central region with larger temperatures and downwards near the lateral surface where the temperatures were smaller. Thermal damage was caused on cells as they moved upwards and were more intensely heated. This effect can be clearly observed even at small times like 30 s, where the number of dead cells increased along the centerline and was larger near the right upper corner due to fluid circulation. As time increased, the largest number of dead cells occurred in the upper part of the center of the circulation cell, where the velocities were small and temperatures were high.