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Capital Cost Estimating An Overview
Published in Kenneth K. Humphreys, Paul Wellman, Basic Cost Engineering, 1995
Kenneth K. Humphreys, Paul Wellman
Ship and boat building—special tools Manufacture of locomotives11.5711.5Manufacture of railroad cars12712Manufacture of athletic, jewelry and other12712Manufacture of locomotives11.5711.5Manufacture of railroad cars12712Manufacture of athletic, jewelry and other12712
The Design Problem
Published in Martyn S. Ray, Martin G. Sneesby, Chemical Engineering Design Project, 2020
Martyn S. Ray, Martin G. Sneesby
In Western Australia, phthalic anhydride would be used mainly in the form of plasticisers for the building industry and a potential automotive industry. Alkyd resins could be used in the boat building industry. There is unlikely to be a sufficient market for phthalic anhydride-based dyes in Western Australia.
Polymers
Published in Bryan Ellis, Ray Smith, Polymers, 2008
Processing & Manufacturing Routes: Chipboard is made from wood chips (82 parts) with liq. phenolic Resole (15 parts), paraffin emulsion and/or wood preservatives. The mix is cured at pressure (2.5MPa 160-220°). Fibreboard is made from wood fibres and phenolic resin binder. The level of binder may vary from 1 -2% for standard fibreboards or up to 5 -10% for hard-wearing floor- baords with paraffin to limit moisture. The board is prod. by cure (200° and 4-6MPa). Moulded parts (Lignotock process) may be formed from a loose fleece of matted wood fibres with a thermoplastic binder and a dry phenolic resin (5 -10%). The final shape is prod. by hot compression at 4MPa and 180°. Phenolic- resin bonded plywood is made from dry weights of wood (81 - 88%) and phenolic resin (4-10%) with moisture levels at 6-13%. Phenolic Resoles, aq. or in MeOH soln. are used as impregnating resins for compregs. Compregs may be used with decorative wood and paper veneers impregnated with melamine resin. Sodium Kraft paper is generally used for impregnation with phenolic Resole soln. and dried at 130-150° to give a resin level of 30- 50%. Several layers are compressed at 7 - 15MPa and 150-200° for 60-90 min. to make resistant laminates Applications: Phenolic resins are used to bond woodchips to form chipboard. Hard fibreboard is made from wood fibres from defibrilated wood and scrap. Moulded parts (Lignotock process) are used as light components in automotive construction e.g. dashboard shells (foam backed), hatracks, door and side panels and headliners. Plywood is at least three transverse layers of wood bonded with adhesive with final thickness from 4mm upwards. Reed beech veneer (thickness 0.2-2mm) is generally used to produce compreg - impregnated and compressed wood. Compreg blocks and boards are used for several engineering applications: in machinery, textiles and the electrical industries. Blockboard and chipboard can be covered by adhesive to a decorated laminated sheet or by compression bonding to layers of impregnated paper. Laminates having good resistance to most chemicals are made from layers of impregnated paper. They are used for kitchen surfaces. Structural wood bonding methods have been used to construct loadbearing structs. for both indoor and outdoor applications such as boat building
Mastering the Hard Stuff: The History of College Concrete-Canoe Races and the Growth of Engineering Competition Culture
Published in Engineering Studies, 2019
The challenge of building concrete canoes and the fun of racing soon grabbed undergraduates’ and professors’ attention at Michigan State, Ohio State, Northwestern, Michigan, Missouri, Notre Dame, Wisconsin–Madison, and other large universities, as well as smaller Valparaiso and Tri-State College. Concrete companies offered construction advice to several teams. At April’s 1972 race in Indianapolis, an estimated one thousand spectators watched through four hours of rain, as Purdue beat sixteen other Midwestern crews in what Purdue publicity agents dubbed ‘the World Series for Concrete Canoes.’ ACI offered the winners complimentary memberships, while ASCE contributed a fancier trophy. Regional concrete companies donated a second trophy, for a new race where faculty paddled the student-built canoes (also won by Purdue). Industry representatives and ACI members (including both Hurd and Kesler) officiated. The ACI Journal again publicized the race and encouraged engineering faculty to request information about concrete boat-building to start their own campus projects. Reporting on races gave Hurd a good opportunity to praise concrete’s versatility; she told ACI readers that after competitors rammed Purdue’s canoe, students were able to patch the hole almost instantly.15
Impact properties of thermoplastic composites
Published in Textile Progress, 2018
Ganesh Jogur, Ashraf Nawaz Khan, Apurba Das, Puneet Mahajan, R. Alagirusamy
In the 1960s and 1970s, most aerospace composite manufacturers used the hand layup technique, a method borrowed from the boat-building industry. In the 1980s, the variability and inconsistency associated with the wet layup process was overcome by the introduction of more consistent, repeatable hand-laid prepeg materials. In the 1990s, thermosetting resin prepeg production facilitated more-productive automated fibre placement and tape-laying technology. However, during the first decade of the twenty-first century the autoclave processing technique was introduced for the production of both thermosetting resin and thermoplastic composites, improving the rate of production speed and reducing fabrication costs.
Evaluation of potential health effects associated with occupational and environmental exposure to styrene – an update
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2019
M.I. Banton, J.S. Bus, J.J. Collins, E. Delzell, H.-P. Gelbke, J.E. Kester, M.M. Moore, R. Waites, S.S. Sarang
Lemasters, Carson, and Samuels (1985) described historical styrene exposure information in the U.S. giving valuable information on exposure levels for the years 1969–1981. In total, 1500 occupational exposure values form 28 FRP manufacturers were available for the years 1969–1981. Average exposures to styrene in most open-mold companies (24–82 ppm) were generally two- to three-times the exposures in press-mold companies (11–26 ppm). Manufacturers of smaller boats had mean exposures of 82 ppm compared to 37 ppm for yacht companies. There was a considerable overlap among job titles classified as directly exposed within open and press-mold processing. In the subsequent retrospective cohort study Lemasters, Hagen, and Samuels (1985) evaluated 174 styrene exposed and 449 unexposed women working in 36 FRP companies. Menstrual histories were obtained by questionnaire and mean exposures were estimated as 52 ppm for open mold and 13 ppm for all other processes. The authors found no association of exposure with menstrual abnormalities (dysmenorrhea, intermenstrual bleedings, amenorrhea, menstrual blood clots, and hypermenorrhea). According to Brown (1991) this is a most comprehensive study on potential menstrual dysfunction. In a later investigation, Lemasters et al. (1989) studied the length of gestation and birth weight of children from mothers in 36 FRP companies between 1974 and 1981. Reproductive and work histories were obtained by telephone interviews. The final cohort consisted of 229 exposed and 819 unexposed single-birth pregnancies. Categorical styrene exposures were defined as none, low (<30 ppm), and high. A subset of the 50 highest exposed pregnancies in boat building (average exposure 82 ppm over at least 1 month) was identified. No effect of exposure on length of gestation was found. The observations on birth weight are reported in the “Human studies (malformations, spontaneous abortions)” section of this article.