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Case Studies
Published in Dorothy Gerring, Renewable Energy Systems for Building Designers, 2023
Design for the Rocky Mountain Institute’s (RMI) Innovation center began in 2013 and construction was completed in January 2016. It is located in Basalt, Colorado, USA. RMI had very challenging goals for radical reduction of energy use, no cooling, no heat pumps, and delightful workspaces. Modeling was done using Integrated Environmental Solutions. The first computer models used a simple rectangular box which tested multiple envelopes facing different orientations to discover what impact each had on interior comfort. RMI wanted the system to be adaptable for developments in energy management. This includes providing future functionality for bi-directional electrical vehicle (EV), DC power, and islanding. Conduit, and possibly existing circuits, to current EV stations could be reused for new bi-directional stations. RMI retains the solar renewable energy credits and has a power purchase agreement with the utility for the sale of the power distributed to the grid.
Electric vehicle technology
Published in V.S.K.V. Harish, Amit Vilas Sant, Arun Kumar, Renewable Energy Integration with Building Energy Systems, 2022
Arpit J. Patel, Chaitali Mehta, Ojaswini A. Sharma, Amit V. Sant, V.S.K.V. Harish
While extracting power from an electric vehicle battery, bi-directional dc–dc converters are used to extract and inject power from or to the battery. As the battery voltage is low compared to the output dc bus voltage, the dc–dc converter needs to boost the voltage levels. To convert the required power from dc to ac, inverters are employed. The ac terminals of the inverter are connected to the grid through passive filters that prevent the harmonic components from propagating into the grid. Furthermore, power transformers are used to interface the inverter with the grid so as to provide necessary isolation as well as step up the voltage as per the desired levels. The power converters require an activation signal in the form of gate pulses for the desired operation. Moreover, power converters are involved in controlling the flow of power, grid synchronization, and regulating the dc link voltage. The control algorithm for power converters is employed through a control unit, which necessitates the instantaneous values of different quantities for closed-loop control. A measurement unit involves different sensors for facilitating the instantaneous measurements of the required quantities.
Smart construction for urban rail transit based on energy-efficient bi-directional vertical alignment optimisation
Published in Konstantinos Papadikis, Chee S. Chin, Isaac Galobardes, Guobin Gong, Fangyu Guo, Sustainable Buildings and Structures: Building a Sustainable Tomorrow, 2019
C. Wu, S. Lu, F. Xue, L. Jiang, G. Gong
The objective of the paper is to minimise the net energy consumption of bi-directional train operation. Therefore, the objective function of the integrated optimisation model is shown in (22). min∑i=1N(ΔEi,U+ΔEi,D)
Integral pumping rings for dual mechanical seals: hydraulic performance evaluation using numerical simulations
Published in Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics, 2020
Hassan A. Ward, Ihab G. Adam, Ahmed B. Salem, Muhannad W. Gamaleldin
Numerical simulations of barrier fluid flow through dual mechanical seals are challenging for a number of reasons. First, the fluid domain is characterized by being highly non-amenable due to tight clearances and multiple intersections of different geometries, consequently posing a considerable toll on obtaining a quality computational grid. Moreover, such a geometry also gives rise to serious flow instabilities and induces secondary flows such as separations and stagnation points. Furthermore, the flow field is highly inertial, specially at elevated operational speeds and temperatures leading to highly turbulent and intense swirling flows. In the present study, the previous enhanced numerical model of Warda et al. (2018a) is used to provide detailed internal insights of the barrier fluid flow through a commercial dual seal cartridge of the MPW-RO-RI type, shown in Figure 2. The cartridge is of the radial flow type and is characterized by the following three main attributes: a modified paddle wheel (MPW) bi-directional pumping ring; a radial-inlet (RI) port; and a radial-outlet (RO) port. A major characteristic of this design is its independence of direction of rotation and hence the name ‘bi-directional’. Moreover, despite being hydrodynamically inferior to most scroll-type pumping rings (see for example Figure 3) (Bloch, 2017b; Warda et al., 2018b), the MPW design considered in the present study is superior in industrial applications where shaft deflection is anticipated (Bloch, 2017b). This is because the axial-flow family in general relies on tight clearance between the ring and its housing, while, on the other hand, radial-flow types rings can operate with more permissive clearance, as will be illustrated in what follows.