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Hybrid Energy Systems for O&G Industries
Published in Yatish T. Shah, Hybrid Energy Systems, 2021
Unconventional reserves, such as heavy crude oils, are expected to have more contribution in achieving world demand in 2030 [1]. Heavy crude oils are more viscous and have higher boiling ranges and densities. In addition, they are usually rich in aromatics and tend to have more residual material, e.g., sulfur, nitrogen, asphaltene [2]. Normally, heavy oils cannot be processed directly in petroleum refineries, thus, oil industries will usually set up an upgrader close to the oil fields that generally consist of distillation unit, residual oil processor, and hydrotreater. Synthetic crude oils are obtained from the upgrader that satisfies the requirements for processing in downstream. The heat required for upgrading can be obtained from renewable energy. Among various renewable energies, solar energy is the most abundant resource and can be harvested and utilized in different ways, such as electricity generation via photovoltaic cells or thermal energy by concentrating panels [3]. Moreover, the locations of substantial heavy oil reserves are in the area with high solar irradiance, which indicates that using solar energy in these regions can be efficient and cost-effective [1]. NREL [7] and IEA [1] analysis on the use of cogeneration in this regard is presented below.
Introduction
Published in Cesar Ovalles, Subsurface Upgrading of Heavy Crude Oils and Bitumen, 2019
Several issues have prevented the development, field testing, and commercialization of HO/B subsurface upgrading processes. One of the most significant problems is that downhole processes are difficult to control and monitor under reservoir conditions. For surface upgrading, either at the well site or refinery, distillation columns, reactors, heat exchangers, and other process units are well instrumented and monitored on an hourly or daily basis. In this way, engineers and operators are able to upgrade heavy oil reliably and safely from months to years with the concomitant economic benefits.
Classification
Published in Mark J. Kaiser, Arno de Klerk, James H. Gary, Glenn E. Hwerk, Petroleum Refining, 2019
Mark J. Kaiser, Arno de Klerk, James H. Gary, Glenn E. Hwerk
In a conversion or upgrading facility, catalytic cracking and/or hydrocracking technologies are used to upgrade intermediate streams to finished products. Residue upgrading is common using coking, visbreaking, or residue hydrocracking to upgrade the heavy fuel oil components.
An investigation of factors influencing selection of construction project managers for sustainable renovation projects
Published in Cogent Engineering, 2023
John Dadzie, Buccah G. Sebitla
The role of a project manager (PM) is critical to the continuous development of the concept of sustainability particularly sustainable renovation projects. By their very nature, sustainable upgrades are complex compared to the conventional building maintenance approach. Integration of new technologies in existing buildings is less predictable which can lead to inefficiencies at various levels (Bakhtiari et al., 2020). Often, the form of upgrade depends on cost of renovation, availability of technologies and technical skills (Belay et al., 2022). Thus, it is expected that project managers are carefully selected to handle such complex projects. The construction industry is criticised because of cost overruns, quality problems, health and safety concerns and delays (Durdyev et al., 2017; Gambo et al., 2021; Zamim & Shukla, 2021) and low productivity (Amede, 2022). Sustainable renovation actions to change poor energy patterns of existing buildings and systems are sometimes associated with health and safety issues, delays and cost overruns (Killip et al., 2018).
Selection of heavy oil upgrading technologies by proper estimation of petroleum prices
Published in Petroleum Science and Technology, 2022
José A. D. Muñoz, Jorge Ancheyta, Luis C. Castañeda
It is observed that the greatest benefit is obtained for the heavier crude oil (Case 1). The reason for this is that a heavy crude oil has greater yield of residue to be converted, thus, increasing the distillate yields and the price of the upgraded crude oil. This has of course a limit, since heavy crude oils possess also high amount of asphaltenes and metals that cause faster deactivation of catalyst.