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Production of Biofuels
Published in K.A. Subramanian, Biofueled Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engines, 2017
F-T fuel has more desirable fuel qualities, such as ultralow levels of sulfur, low levels of aromatics, and a high cetane number. These fuel characteristics enable a compression-ignition engine with F-T diesel to emit less emissions. F-T fuels are generally produced by transforming a feedstock (natural gas or coal) to a synthesis gas (carbon monoxide + hydrogen) through the gasification process with limited oxygen/air. Then, synthesis gas as feedstock is converted into liquid hydrocarbons (synthetic crude) through the F-T process. The synthetic crude is treated to produce middle distillates (F-T diesel fuel) and other products (solvents). F-T fuel is a like synthesized straight-chain hydrocarbon fuel and has a higher cetane number, which is suitable for use as fuel in compression-ignition engines.
Oil
Published in Roy L. Nersesian, Energy Economics, 2016
Just when a source of oil that could contain as much as nine times conventional oil is consigned to commercial oblivion, another twist in the road of energy progress restores hope in shale oil. The government of Jordan has entered into an agreement with an Estonian company to build a 540 mW shale-fueled electricity generating plant. Shale is heated in an oxygen-free environment to separate oil and natural gas. Residual kerogen in crushed rock is burned to generate steam to run an electricity generator. Natural gas can also be burned as a power source if necessary or be pipelined to commercial consumers. Synthetic crude can be transformed into diesel and jet fuels. Other companies are taking a serious look at shale oil.61
Synthetic Crude Processing
Published in Sonil Nanda, Prakash Kumar Sarangi, Dai-Viet N. Vo, Fuel Processing and Energy Utilization, 2019
Rachita Rana, Sonil Nanda, Ajay K. Dalai, Janusz A. Kozinski, John Adjaye
Oil has been one of the major global sources of energy and continues to be so. With advances in technology, the depletion of conventional oil resources have posed a challenge to the environment for its energy needs, thus, bringing the unconventional crude to light and placing emphasis on its exploration. Several techniques have been established such as vapour extraction (VAPEX), Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD), and so on for the exploration and extraction of unconventional oil. Considering the high impurities in the unconventional oil, it becomes difficult to produce synthetic crude oil from bitumen with similar standards as the conventional crude (sweet crude).
Effect of mineralogical composition and kerogen content on oil shale natural floatability
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2018
Salah Eldin El-Mofty, Nesreen Khairy, Ahmed M. El-Kammar, Ayman A. El-Midany
The importance of oil shale comes from its usage in different industrial applications. The main component in the oil shale is kerogen which is inhomogeneous macromolecular aggregate, constitutes 90% or more of organic matter in sedimentary rocks. It is used for production of synthetic crude oil, power generation, oil shale gas (Akash and Jaber 2003; Schora et al. 1976; Valgma 2001), for cement production (Dyni 2010; Koel 1999), extraction of uranium, sulfur, ammonia, alumina, soda ash, and nahcolite which occur as shale oil extraction byproducts (Dyni 2006).
The development and evaluation of a Learning from Incidents toolkit
Published in Policy and Practice in Health and Safety, 2018
Anoush Margaryan, Allison Littlejohn, Dane Lukic
Two sites in two different, multinational, energy companies in the UK and Canada were involved in co-design workshops. We deliberately selected diverse sites in order to test the effectiveness of the Toolkit in different organizational contexts. Site 1 is a large upgrader site (a facility that upgrades bitumen into synthetic crude oil) in Canadawhich has approximately 1500 employees and is a part of a multinational oil and gas company. Site 2 is a wind power plant in the UK. It has approximately 60 employees and is part of a UK energy company.
Investigation of parameters toward development of an empirical model for the pyrolysis of black oil-shale
Published in Petroleum Science and Technology, 2021
Emad A. M Abdelghani, Krishna Prasad Rajan, Abdelaziz A. Noaman, Ibrahim H. Ali
It took millions of years for the oil-shale to be made from deposits of silt and organic remnants mainly on lake beds and sea bottoms. With the help of varying heat and pressure conditions over periods of time, the debris are transformed into oil-shale in a process very similar to the process that forms crude oil and natural gas; however, here the effect of heat and pressure are not so pronounced (Chilingarian and Yen 2011). Oil-shale generally contains sufficient quantities of oil that can burn without any additional processing requirements and hence it is also known as "the rock that burns" (Beckwith 2011). The organic layer of oil-shale is known as kerogen, which can be subsequently converted to liquid and gaseous hydrocarbon products similar to those obtained from crude oil. Kerogen is not defined by a single chemical formula and it is defined as a complex waxy mixture of organic compounds forming the most abundant fraction of organic matter in sedimentary rocks that is the primary organic component of oil shale. Kerogen consists mainly of paraffin hydrocarbons, though the solid mixture also incorporates nitrogen and sulfur. Kerogen is insoluble in water and in organic solvents such as benzene or alcohol. Upon heating under pressure, however, the large paraffin molecules break down into recoverable gaseous and liquid substances resembling petroleum. This property makes oil shale a potentially important source of synthetic crude oil. As kerogen is a mixture of naturally originated organic materials, its chemical composition varies substantially between and even within sedimentary formations. Presence of oil-shale is reported in many places worldwide, however, the largest deposits in the world are found in the United States and it represents about 62% of the world oil-shale resources, and United States, Russia and Brazil together account for 86% in terms of world shale oil reserves. Other countries with significant oil-shale reserves include Congo, China, Morocco, Italy, India, Jordan, Egypt and Canada. In Egypt, the Red Sea region alone possess an economically promising quantity of oil-shale reserves, which is about 15 billion tons (Yehia et al. 2017). An authenticate report by John Dyni elaborates on various oils shale deposits in the world (J R Dyni 2003).