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Mechanical Properties of Metals
Published in Zainul Huda, Metallurgy for Physicists and Engineers, 2020
The tensile test is conducted by use of a tensile testing machine. In tensile testing, the specimen is gripped in place by holding jaws (see Figure 8.4). One end of the specimen is held firm, while a hydraulic piston forces the other grip away from it thereby increasing the tensile load within the specimen. In modern machines, an electronic device for measuring the specimen extension (extensometer) is mounted on the specimen; which has to be removed once the specimen approaches its proportional limit or it will be damaged when the specimen breaks. Following the failure of the material, the specimen is reassembled; and the gauge length at failure (lf), and the final cross-sectional area (Af) are measured. The force and elongation data recorded during the tensile test are used to calculate stress, strain, strength, and ductility (see Equations 8.1–8.9).
Tribo-material Properties
Published in Ahmed Abdelbary, Extreme Tribology, 2020
The plastic yield strength of metals can be determined by either a tensile test, or by pressing a hard indenter into a flat surface of material to be tested, and noting the area of indentation produced by a unit load. The property measured by a hardness test is the plastic strength of the material which is the amount of plastic deformation produced by a known force. It is important to mention that the yield criterion, which governs the plastic flow, was assumed to be independent of the rate of strain. However, the plastic flow of some materials is sensitive to the strain rate, which is known as material strain rate sensitivity, or viscoplasticity, which is quantitatively certified by the value of strain rate sensitivity index (m) (Ambrosio, 2001). Material strain rate sensitivity is a material effect and becomes important with soft metals such as lead, as well as many non-metals, such as superplastic materials (e.g., Polymers).
Modeling of a Fiber
Published in Izabela Ciesielska-Wrobel, ™ CAE, 2019
Let us suppose that we are attempting to assess some of the mechanical parameters of nylon fiber. Nylon is one of the most widely produced, multipurpose fibers. The most common way to perform the assessment is to carry out a tensile test. A tensile test is a typical engineering procedure used to characterize elastic and plastic deformations related to the mechanical characteristics of materials. A tensile force can be applied to the fiber by a device such as an Instron or a Statimat. This results in the gradual elongation and, in many cases, fracture of the test item. A fiber is clamped in between the clamps of the tensile test apparatus. One of the clamps is fixed, and the other is pulled in one direction for a period of time, during which the stress (force per unit area) and strain (percentage elongation) on the fiber are measured. This allows the creation of a stress–strain curve for a tested material. Abaqus Complete Abaqus Environment (CAE) is capable of simulating a tensile test procedure (Jose and Anto, 2015). CAE is a backronym of Computer-Aided Engineering. For simplicity and transparency of the modeling process, we will apply stresses that remain in the elastic region of stress–strain dependence for a nylon fiber. The elastic region, that is the region over which the fiber will return to its original length once the stress is removed, corresponds to the linear part of Hooke’s law. Nowadays, the mechanical characteristics of materials, including raw materials used for textiles, are well documented. Some examples are shown in Figure 3.1.
Preparation and characterization of UHMWPE reinforced with polyester fibers for artificial cervical disc replacement (ACDR)
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2023
Massar Najim Obaid, Nardeen Adnan Berto, Safaa Hashim Radhi
Tensile tests are used to determine tensile strength, elastic modulus, and elongation of composite materials. The samples of test was cut according to ASTM D 638-03 and the test is carry out at a strain rate of 5 mm/min and the load was increased continuously until the sample is failed [12]. Three samples were tested every time and the mechanical properties (tensile strength, elastic modulus, and elongation) are the average of data for three samples. A flexural test is used to detect the behavior of the prepared composite regarding the uniform dispersion of the deformation within the sample. The test is conducted according to ASTM D790 [13] the sample dimensions (100 × 10 × 4) mm. the test (three point - type) is achieved after support the ends of sample the loud applied at midpoint at strain rate 5 mm/min. also The three sample are tested each time. Compression strength is detected by conducting a compression test according to ASTM D695-02a [14] the test is achieved at velocity 1.3 mm/min and the load applied until the sample is failed. The data of stress-strain are obtained. The three sample are tested each time
Optimum heat treatment of aluminum alloy used in manufacturing of automotive piston components
Published in Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 2018
Maaz Akhtar, Sayyad Zahid Qamar, Muzamil Muhammad, Ali Nadeem
Tensile tests were conducted on untreated and heat-treated specimens, in accordance with ASTM E8 standard [20]. Impact testing was done on standard v-notch specimens as outlined in ASTM E23-12 standard [21]. For consistency and repeatability, all tests were conducted on at least three samples for each case. Stress–strain diagrams based on tensile test data were used to find out values of yield strength and ultimate (tensile) strength. Impact toughness values were determined from Charpy impact tests.
Use of discarded carpet material in the development of polymer (epoxy) composites for structural functions
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2023
Balram Jaiswal, Rajesh Kumar Verma, Sanjay Mishra
The tensile test is the primary testing process to define the mechanical strength of polymers in terms of tensile modulus and ultimate tensile stress. The tensile test was performed as per the ASTM D3039 standard. The measures of the test specimens have been taken from a computerized universal tensile unit with a dimension of 60 × 20 × 10 mm3 with a cross-sectional area of 20 × 10 mm2 (Figure 3), at a crosshead speed of 2 mm/min.