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Organic Amendments for Sustainable Crop Production, Soil Carbon Sequestration and Climate Smart Agriculture
Published in Moonisa Aslam Dervash, Akhlaq Amin Wani, Climate Change Alleviation for Sustainable Progression, 2022
Maryam Adil, Muhammad Riaz, Farah Riaz, Komel Jehangir, Muhammad Arslan Ashraf, Sajid Ali, Rashid Mahmood, Qaiser Hussain, Afia Zia, Muhammad Arif
To understand the historical relationships between climate change and crop-response distributions, crop models can help to increase evaluation of the effects of climate change on crops and devise effective adaptation and management strategies. The photosynthesis process enables green plants to fix atmospheric C into their biomass and after the crop is harvested for consumption, crop residues in the shape of litter and roots is returned to the soil where these organic C decompose from microbial mineralisation processes to release C into the atmosphere as CO2 and build soil organic-matter pools (Komatsuzaki and Ohta, 2007). Soil organic matter and C are fundamental to fulfilling soil functions and soil management because of their role in conserving soil, maintaining soil structure and acting as a base for soil nutrient dynamics and biogeochemical nutrient cycling (Lal, 2004). Climate-change modelling approaches are emerging as sophisticated techniques to tackle food security in areas vulnerable to hunger and famine, both under the scenarios of presence and absence of climate change. However, climate change is not always linked negatively to food security implications because climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies depend on the agricultural response to climate change.
Biochar effects on the abundance, activity and diversity of the soil biota
Published in Johannes Lehmann, Stephen Joseph, Biochar for Environmental Management, 2015
Janice E. Thies, Matthias C. Rillig, Ellen R. Graber
The pH of a given biochar depends on both the feedstock and pyrolysis temperature used (Chapter 7). Biochars vary considerably in their pH and this will strongly influence the microbial communities that develop on and around them and may dictate microbial activity potentials as well. Under both acid and alkaline conditions, fungi are likely to dominate due to their intrinsic pH tolerances; most bacteria prefer circumneutral pH. Adding biochar to soil will likely also change the pH of adjacent soil, which may trigger changes in the community composition of biota in the vicinity of biochar particles, such as a change in the ratio of fungi to bacteria (Chen et al, 2013). Shifts in microflora populations may in turn influence populations of bacterial and fungal feeders and their predators (McCormack et al, 2013). Changes in soil pH may also significantly alter soil function by affecting extracellular enzyme activities and thus overall microbial activity.
Role of Nanomaterials in Plant Growth and Nutrition
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Santosh K. Mishra, Lohith Kumar Dasarahalli-Huligowda, Nanotechnology Applications in Agricultural and Bioprocess Engineering, 2021
Brijesh Patil Muder Pakeerappa, Harshita Singh, Harshvardhan Gowda Venkatachala
Microorganisms in soil are essential to maintain soil function both in natural and agricultural soil due to their role in key processes, such as, decomposition of organic matters, structure formation, toxin removal, nutrient, such as, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous, and sulfur recycle. In addition, they play key role in suppressing soilborne/plant diseases and promote plant growth. Changes in the composition and structure of soil microflora can be critical for the functional integrity of soil. Therefore, protection of environment and beneficial soil microorganisms from nanomaterials toxicity is essential, in spite of their beneficial role in plant development.
Formulation and use of manufactured soils: A major use for organic and inorganic wastes
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2022
R. J. Haynes, Y.-F. Zhou, X. Weng
The organic matter fraction of soils is typically made up of 10% fresh residues (fresh or decomposing plant and animal matter with identifiable cell structure), 5% living organisms, 33–50% decomposing organic matter and 33–50% relatively stabile humic material (USDA, 2020). Although organic matter typically makes up 10%, or less, of the soil it is extremely important in relation to soil functions. It is a primary food and energy source for soil microorganisms and soil fauna and therefore the basis for biological nutrient turnover. It is also essential in the formation and stabilization of soil structure.