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Performance of Smart Alloys in Manufacturing Processes during Subtractive and Additive Manufacturing
Published in Ajit Behera, Tuan Anh Nguyen, Ram K. Gupta, Smart 3D Nanoprinting, 2023
Suman Chatterjee, Jinyang Xu, T. V. Huynh, Kumar Abhishek, Soni Kumari, Ajit Behera
With recent advancement in science and technology, the discovery and need for development of new materials and alloys takes place. Starting from easy-to-machine to hard-to-machine materials, they contribute to different engineering aspects. With introduction and evolution of industry 4.0 to 5G in the manufacturing and production sectors, everything becomes smart in recent times, such as smart cities, smart design, smart manufacturing, smart materials, or smart alloys. A report by Grand View Research in 2019–2020 stated that by the year 2025, smart material will make a market worth 98.2 billion dollars with a growth rate of 13.5% each year [1]. The extensive research activities have expanded the use of smart alloys in industries, medical science, robotics, aviation, and automobile and aerospace applications. To understand the physical and mechanical behavior of smart materials, researchers have conducted a rigorous study on these materials. Smart materials are materials that can withstand the changes applied to them and respond accordingly [2]. These smart materials can modify the material properties in a controllable and reversible manner [3]. These smart materials are also termed as responsive materials or active materials. These characteristics shown by the materials help to develop a sensor and actuator from the smart materials. There are several categories of smart materials, such as piezoelectrics materials, bi-component fibers, magnetostrictive materials, shape memory polymers, hydrogels, electroactive polymers, shape memory alloys, and graphene [4].
Ceramics and Composites
Published in Yip-Wah Chung, Monica Kapoor, Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering, 2022
Smart materials refer to a class of materials that exhibit a change in some property in response to an external stimulus such as temperature, electric field, and stress. The piezoelectric effect, exhibited by ceramics such as barium titanate and lead zirconium titanate (PZT), induces mechanical strain by the application of an electric field. This is due to the distortion of the unit cell such that the center of gravity for the positive charges does not coincide with that for the negative charges.
Ionic Polymer–Metal Composite Actuators
Published in Srijan Bhattacharya, Ionic Polymer–Metal Composites, 2022
Electroactive polymers (EAPs), which have been discovered in the past few decades, are associated with energy exchanging smart materials and are greatly useful for various applications. Due to their low mass, softness, noiselessness and large deformation under a relatively low driving voltage (1 –3 V), during the recent period, ionic electroactive polymer actuators have extensively been studied by researchers as promising smart materials for their wide range of applications in various industries and academics, such as robotics, biomedical engineering and artificial muscles, and 3D printing [1–5].
Effects of loading rate, applied shear strain, and magnetic field on stress relaxation behavior of anisotropic magnetorheological elastomer
Published in Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures, 2022
Tran Huu Nam, Iva Petríková, Bohdana Marvalová
Smart materials are designed materials that can significantly change their properties in response to applied external stimuli, such as magnetic and electric fields, stress, heat, light, and so on [1]. As a type of smart materials, magnetorheological elastomers (MREs) have attracted great attention in recent years, because their rheological and mechanical properties are controllable by an externally applied magnetic field [2–4]. It is believed that the pioneering research on MREs is firstly introduced by Rigbi and Jilken [5]. The typical behavior of MREs is changing their stiffness and damping properties under the magnetic field. The change in the MRE properties under the magnetic field is known as the magnetorheological (MR) effect. With controllable stiffness and damping properties, MREs have been used in a variety of applications, such as vibration absorbers and isolators [6–11], actuators and sensors [12–14], engine mounts for automobile [15], peristaltic pump [16], soft continuum robotics [17, 18], active pattern switching devices and reconfigurable soft metamaterials [19–21].
Porosity effect on the nonlinear deflection of functionally graded magneto-electro-elastic smart shells under combined loading
Published in Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures, 2022
Analogously, smart composite materials belong to the unique class of advanced composites, which are extensively recognized due to superior multifunctionality [23, 24]. The different smart materials, like shape memory alloys, piezoelectric materials, piezomagnetic materials, etc., are being extensively used in numerous engineering applications. However, magneto-electro-elastic (MEE) materials outsmart other intelligent materials due to its triple energy conversion capabilities and enhanced magneto-electric coupling [25, 26]. Several dedicated works have been reported on assessing the coupled response of functionally graded magneto-electro-elastic (FG-MEE) structures. An analytical solution was developed by Huang et al. [27] to examine the structural behavior of FG-MEE beams accurately. Milazzo [28, 29] proposed refined equivalent single-layer models which have proved to be very efficient in predicting the structural response of FG-MEE plates. The effectiveness of utilizing FG-MEE plates in vibration control has been demonstrated by Vinyas et al. [30]. Apart from these, the readers are encouraged to refer other works reported on dynamic [31–35] and static response studies [36–42] of FG-MEE structures as well.
A brief review of sealants for cement concrete pavement joints and cracks
Published in Road Materials and Pavement Design, 2021
Lu Lu, Deying Zhao, Jizhou Fan, Guoqiang Li
The last several decades have witnessed remarkable advances in smart materials, which will be playing a significant role in areas of aerospace, automotive, civil, mechanical, medical, and communication engineering fields. Among the smart materials family, shape memory polymers (SMPs) are an important member. SMP is a polymer that when it is deformed to a temporary shape, the shape can be maintained for a long time after removal of the external load; the temporary shape, however, can return to its original shape under proper stimuli. Based on the functional groups and morphology of the SMPs, the stimuli can be heat, light, pH, moisture, etc. The process of deforming the polymer and fixing a temporary shape is also called programming. During programming, the SMP is usually deformed at a temperature above the transition temperature (glass transition temperature for amorphous polymers or melting temperature for semi-crystalline polymers), followed by cooling and load removal (hot programming) (Hager et al., 2015; Hu et al., 2012). However, deforming an SMP specimen can also be done below the transition temperature (cold programming) (Li & Xu, 2011b) or within the transition zone (warm programming) (Li & Wang, 2016).