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Processing and Thermomechanical Properties of PHA
Published in Martin Koller, The Handbook of Polyhydroxyalkanoates, 2020
Vito Gigante, Patrizia Cinelli, Maurizia Seggiani, Vera A. Alavarez, Andrea Lazzeri
In particular, one of the most commonly used methods for preparing a plastic film is the extrusion of a blown film [42]. The film produced is tubular, therefore this process is generally used for the production of bags, industrial bags, or packaging film for shrink film. This technique consists in treating the polymer in a screw extruder, and pumping the melt through a mold. The spindle is axially elongated and radially expanded in the form of a thin-walled tube to obtain a continuous film (furlough). On the other hand, flat matrix extrusion consists of an extrusion through a linear matrix of adjustable thickness (matrix space) generally comprised between 3 and 1.4 mm. This technology allows the production of sheets and polymeric films (with thicknesses ranging from 50 microns to 1 millimeter) and consists of the extrusion of melted polymer through a matrix of rectangular geometry [43].
Waste Product Profiles
Published in John T. Aquino, Waste Age/Recycling Times’, 2020
Plastic film is a thin-gauge plastic packaging medium used as a bag or a wrap. Examples include plastic grocery sacks, trash bags, drycleaner garment bags, carryout sacks, and plastic wrap including stretch wrap. Plastic film is less than 10 mils in thickness, with an average of 0.7 to 1.5 mils. A mil is 0.001 inch. Plastic film makes up 38% of plastic packaging.
Trends in Polymer Applications
Published in Manas Chanda, Plastics Technology Handbook, 2017
The most widely used plastic film is polyethylene (PE). PE film tunnels and perforated flat PE film allow better use of natural resources such as solar energy, water, and soil. Crops may be made to ripen early making cultivation possible all year round. In addition to covering produce, PE film as a number of other uses. Livestock feeding stuff such as green foliage grass and maize can be preserved by covering the forage in a silo with large gastight black or white PE films. Shrinkable PE films are used for sheet steaming in horticulture.
Overview of microplastic pollution and its influence on the health of organisms
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2023
Yingling Deng, Jiang Wu, Jinjun Chen, Kai Kang
The main source of soil microplastics is the use of agricultural plastic film, which can improve crop yields and reduce water consumption, while also inhibiting the growth of weeds and providing resistance to extreme temperatures. However, the use of plastic film causes serious pollution problems due to its degradation over time. Untreated direct discharge of domestic sewage is another cause of microplastic pollution in soils. Microplastic materials used in daily care products are the main source of microplastics in domestic sewage, which can be directly discharged into the soil environment. In addition, the widespread presence of microplastics in the atmosphere also contributes to soil microplastic pollution via atmospheric deposition.