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Introduction
Published in Zainul Huda, Metallurgy for Physicists and Engineers, 2020
Physical metallurgy focuses on the physical properties and structure of metals and alloys. It involves the study of the effects of the chemical composition, heat treatment, and manufacturing process on the microstructure of the material so as to achieve components with optimal properties. This book covers almost all areas of physical metallurgy with particular reference to crystalline structure of metals; crystal imperfections and deformation; diffusion, microstructural and material characterization techniques; phase diagrams; phase transformations and kinetics; recrystallization and grain growth; and heat treatment of metals (see Chapter 2–9, Chapters 14–15).
Introduction
Published in Gregory N. Haidemenopoulos, Physical Metallurgy, 2018
Physical Metallurgy is the part of metallurgical science, which deals with the shaping of the microstructure of metals and alloys, so that they can obtain desirable properties required in technological applications. The microstructure evolves through different thermal, thermo mechanical or thermochemical treatments, which are applied to the metal at the solid state. The central issue in physical metallurgy is the correlation between processing, structure and properties of engineering alloys. This correlation is shown schematically in Figure 1.1. Processing, structure and properties occupy the corners of a triangle connected with two-way arrows, signifying the interaction between the corners. As a result, the heat treatment of an alloy modifies and shapes its structure, which then determines the mechanical properties of the alloy (path 1 → 2 → 3). The correlation can be reversed: Suppose that a new alloy is sought with a specified strength. Then the required microstructure could be identified and the chemical composition and processing of the alloy could be designed, following the reverse path (3 → 2 → 1). This reverse path defines the scientific framework of knowledge-based alloy design, which follows a completely different route from the traditional empirical alloy development approaches. It also explains the word design in the title of the book.
Heat Treatment by Induction
Published in Valery Rudnev, Don Loveless, Raymond L. Cook, Handbook of Induction Heating, 2017
Valery Rudnev, Don Loveless, Raymond L. Cook
Physical metallurgy (which is a part of the science of metallurgy) deals with the physical, chemical, and mechanical characteristics of metals, various intermetallic compounds, and mixtures referred to as alloys. It also focuses on the effects of chemical composition, microstructure, metal working, thermal treatment, and some other factors affecting the desired properties such as hardness, strength, ductility, toughness, corrosion resistance, wear resistance and many others. Thermal treatment (also referred to as heat treatment) is related to the effect of temperature, the rate of heating, holding time at elevated temperature, and cooling intensity of the material in order to arrive at a specific microstructure and desired industrial characteristics.
A novel mathematical model on generalized thermoelastic diffusion theory
Published in Journal of Thermal Stresses, 2023
Kamalesh Paul, Basudeb Mukhopadhyay
We can define “Diffusion” as a random transportation of assemblies of molecules from a high-concentration region to a low-concentration region until the system goes to equilibrium. The important of advanced technologies in the years before, during and after the second world-war has clearly influenced investigations that could not ignore the field of diffusion and temperature in solid materials. At any kind of temperature, mass and heat transport processes play a vital role in many satellites problems and aircraft landing on land or water. Nowadays, diffusion in solids is fundamental in art and science of materials in the topic of solid state physics, physical metallurgy and material engineering. Further, oil companies are concerned with thermo-diffusion processes to exact oil more efficiently than oil deposit. Diffusion process has industrial applications like optimal extraction of oil from hydrocarbon reservoirs, fabrication of semi-conductor devices in mixture metal and molten semi-conductor, separation of types like polymers and manipulations of macro-molecules like DNA, etc.
A retrospective view of selected advances in ferrous physical metallurgy
Published in Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly, 2018
I am grateful to Hatem Zurob and David Embury, the organisers of this symposium, not only for their efforts in bringing together such diverse and interesting speakers and topics, but for the opportunity afforded me to reflect on progress in an area of particular interest. In selecting the developments outlined here, I have been acutely aware that a number of outstanding advances in ferrous physical metallurgy have been omitted. The bainite question, only touched upon here in the context of topological theory, has generated enough material for several volumes. In spite of all logic, it continues to provoke and challenge the community. Recent developments in architectured materials based on engineered gradients are also of real interest and promise. The study of ‘iron’ meteorites is a fascinating separate discipline with its own terminology and literature; it offers insights into the origin of our galaxy, as well as textbook and historical examples of Widmanstätten structures.
Powder metallurgy and high-entropy alloys: update on new opportunities
Published in Powder Metallurgy, 2020
José M. Torralba, Paula Alvaredo, Andrea García-Junceda
HEAs can be considered a new type of alloys, and those obtained through PM can be considered emerging materials. Considering the more than 400 papers written on PM HEAs, there are many aspects of these materials that are not fully understood or well developed, especially concerning information about the properties and frontiers of these materials. There are many gaps in the physical metallurgy of these complex alloys, and the flexibility of the PM approach can help the design and development of new research directions. There are still numerous PM techniques and processes that could be improved and much work has to be done, especially regarding the knowledge of the phenomena involved in the different processes. There are also many characterisation and simulation techniques that can be used to study PMHEAs, including thermodynamic modelling, thermal analysis, structural and microstructural studies and mechanical properties at high temperatures. Although many HEAs are single-phase alloys, there are many ways to develop dual-phase FCC-BCC HEAs by tailoring the chemical composition, which provides a possible way to improve the properties. Additionally, since binder-based AM systems have many similarities with metal injection moulding (MIM) procedures, this provides a good opportunity for the MIM industry to contribute to AM methods (note that a feedstock composed of a metal and a binder has to be developed and the debinding and sintering processes have to be developed). The final conclusion is that there is a great opportunity to gain knowledge regarding this complex and exciting new type of alloy, and this circumstance is a call to invest time and effort in research to obtain knowledge and offer new materials to society to cover new technological challenges.