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AI for Condensed Matter Physics
Published in Volker Knecht, AI for Physics, 2023
Álvaro Díaz Fernández, Chao Fang, Volker Knecht
The predecessor of condensed matter physics was solid-state physics. It attempts to understand the macroscopic characteristics of solids, including their thermal, electrical, magnetic, optical, and mechanical properties, starting from the microscopic constituents and their mutual interactions. One of the greatest achievements of solid-state physics was to clarify why some materials conduct electricity while others do not – distinguishing metals from insulators.
Nanoionics: Fundamentals and Applications
Published in Klaus D. Sattler, 21st Century Nanoscience – A Handbook, 2020
Nanoionics takes variations of ionic charge carrier densities at interfaces (or dislocations) seriously and becomes particularly relevant if the distances between higher-dimensional structure elements are so small that mesoscopic effects occur. The coupling with electronic effects underscores the generality of the approach. Various examples, mostly from energy research in which ionic charge carriers are explicitly important, highlight the significance of the field. Similarly relevant, but not as well investigated, are the implicit effects in the fields of solid state physics, catalysis, photoelectrochemistry and solid state chemistry.
Splitting the Atom and Creating Solar Technology
Published in Wolfgang Palz, The Triumph of the Sun in 2000–2020, 2019
The town of Göttingen in central Germany became the world’s capital of mathematics and theoretical physics. Professor Max Born had here the university chair devoted to quantum mechanics and solid-state physics. Pascual Jordan, Viktor Weisskopf, Wolfgang Pauli, Werner Heisenberg and many others worked with him in Göttingen. Also Robert Oppenheimer, Edward Teller, John von Neumann and Enrico Fermi prepared with him their thesis or were his assistants, those who built later at Los Alamos the world’s first atomic uranium and hydrogen bombs. The cemetery of that little town still has the tombs of eight Nobel Prize winners, Max Born, Max Planck, Otto Hahn, Max von Laue, Walter Nernst, and others.
Editor's message: highlighting the importance of transcendent conferences
Published in Journal of Microwave Power and Electromagnetic Energy, 2022
The second choice is a conference that was attended by people whose research led to the basic science that was taken for impressive applications, it is the Fifth Solvay Conference on Electrons and Photons, held in 1927 in Brussels. There were 29 attendees, 17 of them were or became Nobel winners. Their contributions are well known: quantum mechanics, the surface tension of mixtures, Schrödinger equation, Pauli exclusion principle, Heisenberg uncertainty principle, solid state physics, surface chemistry, x-ray crystallography, photoelectric effect, Bohr model and thermionic emission. There is a reference to the discussion held at the conference (VI. General Discussion at the Fifth Solvay Conference 1985) with remarks by Einstein, Dirac and Heisenberg. The development of the quantum theory could be taken as evidence of the many questions that remain unanswered by the end of the conference, which at the same time were the inspiration for future work still in progress.
Investigation of Thermoelectric Generator with Power Converter for Energy Harvesting Applications
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2022
Rakesh Thankakan, Edward Rajan Samuel Nadar
The thermoelectric power generation system is a solid-state energy conversion process in which heat is converted into electricity. A thermoelectric generator (TEG) has the advantages of having no moving parts, highly reliable, environmental friendliness, noiseless operation and compact. Because of the foregoing advantages, this emerging technology is employed for promising applications such as aerospace, military, waste heat recovery from industries, stoves [1,2], vehicles [3] and solar thermal or thermo-photovoltaic systems [4–6]. Nowadays, a large number of research works are focusing to improve the figure of merit and efficiency of thermoelectric materials. Moreover, nanotechnology [7–10], semiconductor physics and solid-state physics are used to enhance the clean energy thermoelectric technology. The p-type and n-type semiconductor materials make a thermocouple, which are connected thermally in parallel to increase the thermal conductivity and electrically in series to increase the operating voltage to form a TEM device. The magnitude of the voltage depends on the type of material and various materials may be optimized for different temperature ranges [11–13]. Bismuth-Telluride alloys are quite cheaper, commercially available and suitable for low temperature waste heat recovery applications ranging from room temperature to 250°C [14].
Memory responses in a three-dimensional thermo-viscoelastic medium
Published in Waves in Random and Complex Media, 2022
Viscoelastic materials, displaying both solid-like and fluid-like characteristics, are common in polymeric structures and coatings. Therefore, any composite or complex structures with embedded polymers exhibit viscoelastic behavior during both static and dynamic loading regimes [16]. The study of viscoelastic behavior is of interest in several contexts. Materials used in engineering applications may exhibit viscoelastic behavior [17,18]. Viscoelasticity is of interest in some branches of material science, metallurgy, and solid-state physics [19–26]. Further, the causal links between viscoelasticity and microstructure are exploited in the use of viscoelastic tests as inspection tools. The analysis and viscoelastic effects in different three-dimensional elastic bodies are of high interests of the researchers, due to the extensive applications in several fields [27,28]. The problem of moving heat source acting in a viscoelastic body is extremely important in engineering involving materials processing, case hardening, and boiling nucleation [29].