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Non-Edible Cassia tora Seed Oil as a New Source for Biodiesel Production
Published in Kailas L. Wasewar, Sumita Neti Rao, Sustainable Engineering, Energy, and the Environment, 2022
Vivek P. Bhange, Pravin D. Patil, Kiran D. Bhuyar, Manju A. Soni
Cassia tora plants are found in several Indian regions, and their seeds can be used as vegetable oil (non-edible) sources. Cassia tora is a potential source of triglycerides. It is legume in the subfamily Caesalpinioideae [6], widely found as a wild plant and is considered as a weed. Seeds of Cassia tora can produce oil that comprises several forms of unsaturated and saturated fatty acids. Several fatty acids were reported, including linoleic acid, palmitic acid, margaric acid, melissic acid, behenic acid, and linolenic acid [7]. Cassia tora oil can be employed as a substitute for diesel fuel. Along with this oil, methanol is used as an additive since it possesses higher efficiency. Synthesis of biodiesel using Cassia tora seed oil by trans-esterification with methanol in alkali presence, acting as a catalyst (KOH, NaOH), is possible.
Biochemistry
Published in W. M. Haynes, David R. Lide, Thomas J. Bruno, CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 2016
W. M. Haynes, David R. Lide, Thomas J. Bruno
Mol. form. C4H8O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C6H12O2 C7H14O2 C8H16O2 C9H18O2 C10H20O2 C10H18O2 C11H22O2 Lauric acid Lauroleic acid Myristic acid Myristoleic acid Palmitic acid Palmitoleic acid Margaric acid Stearic acid Petroselinic acid Oleic acid Elaidic acid cis-Vaccenic acid Vaccenic acid Vernolic acid Ricinoleic acid Rumenic (CLA) Linoleic acid C12H24O2 C12H22O2 C13H26O2 C14H28O2 C14H26O2 C15H30O2 C16H32O2 C16H30O2 C17H34O2 C18H36O2 C18H34O2 C18H34O2 C18H34O2 C18H34O2 C18H34O2 C18H32O3 C18H34O3 C18H32O2 C18H32O2 4:0 5:0 4:0 3-Me 6:0 7:0 8:0 9:0 10:0 10:1 9e 11:0 12:0 12:1 9c 13:0 14:0 14:1 9c 15:0 16:0 16:1 9c 17:0 18:0 18:1 6c 18:1 9c 18:1 9t 18:1 11c 18:1 11t 18:1 12,13-ep,9c 18:1 12-OH,9c 18:2 9c,11t 18:2 9c,12c
Evaluation of combustion, performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine fuelled with diesel – jojoba biodiesel – n butanol with multi-walled carbon nanotube as fuel additive
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2023
Hariram Venkatesan, V. Udhaya Kumar, Seralathan Sivamani, T. Micha Premkumar
Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry studies were carried out to identify the methyl-ester groups in the transesterified jojoba biodiesel and to justify that the resultant hydrocarbon fuel can be used in compression ignition engines for evaluating its performance. As the solution was interposed into the sample port, the mixture was vaporised (separated) and transported through the carrier inert gas viz., nitrogen and helium. The separated compounds enter into the detector which generated signals concerning the concentration of each ester compound present in jojoba biodiesel. On interpreting the outcome and comparing them with the NIST1 library, the esters were identified as 1,7,7-trimethyl-bicyclo[2.2.1] hept-2yl esterC12H20O2, Hexadecanoic acid methyl esterC16H32O(Palmitic acid), 8-Nonenoic acid 9-(1,3,6-nonatrienyloxy)-methyl esterC18H28O3 (Noneoic acid), Heptadecanoic acid methyl esterC17H34O (Margaric acid), Docosanoic acid methyl esterC23H46O2 (Behenic acid) in promising concentration (Al Awad et al. 2014; Hariram et al. 2016). This confirmed that jojoba biodiesel can be used as fuel. Figure 7 shows the GC MS chromatogram for jojoba biodiesel.
Beneficiation of high-ash Indian coal fines by froth flotation using bio-degradable-oil as a collector
Published in International Journal of Coal Preparation and Utilization, 2022
K. L. Bharath, Suresh Nikkam, G. Udayabhanu
From the FTIR plots of Figure 4a, it is seen that the low-rank coal sample to contain oxygen-functional groups of (C–OH, C = O, C–O), indicating the existence of many hydrophilic functional groups on the surface of coal that might have occurred due to the oxidation during weathering or storage. The coals with oxidized surfaces, are difficult to float maybe they are bonded with water–hydrogen bond in the flotation pulp, causing poor flotation (Mengdi et al. 2019; Tian, Wang, and Guosheng 2017; Xia, Yang, and Liang 2013). From the result of Figure 4b, it can be observed that there are many characteristic differences between biodegradable and diesel oil. However, some similarities are also obtained between biodegradable oil and diesel oil. The low-rank coal surface does not interact easily with hydrocarbon oils (such as diesel oil) because diesel oil contains very few amount of oxygen-functional groups and there is no fatty-acid content. Biodegradable oils contain fatty-acids like palmitic acid, margaric acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, arachidic acid, etc., and the oxygenated functional groups, can easily interact with low-rank-oxidized coal surface of hydrophilic sites by hydrogen bond, this enhances the flotation recovery (Kumar, Chibber, and Singh 2018).
Lab-scale bioremediation technology: Ex-situ bio-removal and biodegradation of waste cooking oil by Aspergillus flavus USM-AR1
Published in Bioremediation Journal, 2022
Nurshafiqah Jasme, Nur Asshifa Md Noh, Ahmad Ramli Mohd Yahya
Fatty acid components of the waste cooking oil were determined via GC-MS analysis. The waste cooking oil samples before and after treatment were subjected to GC-MS analysis and being compared. The fatty acids of the untreated waste cooking oil are presented in Figure 9(a). The GC-MS analyses of waste cooking oil revealed the existence of various fatty acids such as hexadecanoic acid (palmitic acid), octadecanoic acid (stearic acid), (Z)-octadec-9-enoic acid (oleic acid) and (9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoic acid (linoleic acid). Moreover, the waste cooking oil sample also contained dodecanoic acid (lauric acid), tetradecanoic acid (myristic acid), pentadecanoic acid, hexacontane, methyl hexadec-9-enoate, 9-Hexadecenoic acid, methyl ester, (Z)-, heptadecanoic acid (margaric acid), 9-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester, (E)-, 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-, methyl ester, 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid, methyl ester, arachidonic acid, cyclodecasiloxane, eicosamethyl-, 1, 2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, butyl 2-methy, tetracosamethyl-cyclododecasiloxane, 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, mono (2-ethyl), docosanoic acid and tetracosanoic acid. Figure 9(a) shows 4 major peaks which were identified as palmitic (hexadecenoic) (5), stearic (octadecanoic) (10), oleic (9-octadecenoic) (12) and linoleic (9,12-octadecadienoic) (16) acids, according to NIST database. The main fatty acids, namely palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic acids, have been reported as the principal long chain fatty acids of fatty wastes (Alias et al. 2006; Papanikolaou and Aggelis 2010).