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Minerals of base metals
Published in Francis P. Gudyanga, Minerals in Africa, 2020
Sphalerite (Zn, Fe)S is the major commercial source of zinc metal [715]. Other sources of zinc are smithsonite (zinc carbonate), hemimorphite (zinc silicate), wurtzite (another zinc sulphide), and sometimes hydrozincate (basic zinc carbonate). Sphalerite consists largely of zinc sulphide with variable amounts of iron. Associated with it are minerals galena PbS, pyrite FeS2 and other sulphides as well as calcite CaCO3, dolomite CaMg(CO3)2, and fluorite CaF2. As a chalcophile, zinc has low affinity for oxides and prefers to bond with sulphides.
Mineral characterisation of the non-sulphide Zn mineralisation of the Florida Canyon deposit, Bongará District, Northern Peru
Published in Applied Earth Science, 2019
Saulo Batista de Oliveira, Caetano Juliani, Lena Virgínia Soares Monteiro
The mineral characterisation of the Florida Canyon zinc and lead deposit showed that the ore minerals comprise both sulphides–sphalerite, galena and pyrite-, and non-sulphide–smithsonite (mainly), hemimorphite, cerussite, and goethite-, which are hosted by carbonate rocks composed of dolomite, calcite, and quartz.The genesis of Florida Canyon non-sulphide mineralisation is associated with fault structures reaching up to hundreds of meters in depths. This supergene assemblage is a paleo-climatic guide, suggesting tropical climatic conditions for its generation. By analogy to the Cristal non-sulphide Zn deposit, also located in the Bongará District, a late Miocene age is assumed for the Florida Canyon supergene Zn mineralisation.The ore minerals (sulphide and non-sulphide) occur in different proportions in the four sectors of the Florida Canyon deposit. Therefore, a concentration plant with different routes for the different ore types should be considered in the economic evaluation of the deposit.
James Smithson on the Calamines: Chemical Combination in Crystals
Published in Ambix, 2018
In recognition of Smithson’s contribution, the non-hydrous carbonate of zinc was subsequently named “smithsonite.” The name was proposed in 1832 by Haüy’s student and successor in the chair of mineralogy and geology at the Faculté des sciences in Paris, François Sulpice Beudant (1787–1850).64 The silicated zinc compound Smithson studied (the “electric” calamine) has since become known as “hemimorphite.” The name was proposed by the German mineralogist Adolph Kenngott (1818–1897) in 1853. Kenngott acknowledged that the property of hemimorphism was shared by other minerals, but he believed that using the name to signify this particular substance might encourage the identification of other stones with similar crystallography. To describe Smithson’s hydrated zinc carbonate Kenngott proposed the name “hydrozincite,” which is still used by mineralogists.65
Abstracts from the 2017–2018 Mineral Deposits Studies Group meeting
Published in Applied Earth Science, 2018
L. Santoro, St. Tshipeng Yav, E. Pirard, A. Kaniki, G. Arfè, N. Mondillo, M. Boni, M. Joachimski, G. Balassone, A. Mormone, A. Cauceglia, N. Mondillo, G. Balassone, M. Boni, W. Robb, T. L. Smith, David Currie, Finlay Stuart, John Faithfull, Adrian Boyce, N. Mondillo, C. Chelle-Michou, M. Boni, S. Cretella, G. Scognamiglio, M. Tarallo, G. Arfè, F. Putzolu, M. Boni, N. Mondillo, F. Pirajno, N. Mondillo, C. Chelle-Michou, M. Boni, S. Cretella, G. Scognamiglio, M. Tarallo, G. Arfè, Saltanat Aitbaeva, Marina Mizernaya, Boris Dyachkov, Andrew J Martin, Iain McDonald, Christopher J MacLeod, Katie McFall, Hazel M Prichard, Gawen R T Jenkin, B. Kennedy, I. McDonald, D. Tanner, L. Longridge, A. M. Borst, A. A. Finch, H. Friis, N. J. Horsburgh, P. N. Gamaletsos, J. Goettlicher, R. Steininger, K. Geraki, Jonathan Cloutier, Stephen J. Piercey, Connor Allen, Craig Storey, James Darling, Stephanie Lasalle, A. Dobrzanski, L. Kirstein, R. Walcott, I. Butler, B. Ngwenya, Andrew Dobrzanski, Simon Howard, Lore Troalen, Peter Davidson, Rachel Walcott, Drew Drummond, Jonathan Cloutier, Drew Drummond, Adrian Boyce, Robert Blakeman, John Ashton, Eva Marquis, Kathryn Goodenough, Guillaume Estrade, Martin Smith, E. Zygouri, S. P. Kilias, T. Zack, I. Pitcairn, E. Chi Fru, P. Nomikou, A. Argyraki, M. Ivarsson, Adrian A. Finch, Anouk M. Borst, William Hutchison, Nicola J. Horsburgh, Tom Andersen, Siri Simonsen, Hamidullah Waizy, Norman Moles, Martin Smith, Steven P. Hollis, Julian F. Menuge, Aileen L. Doran, Paul Dennis, Brett Davidheiser-Kroll, Alina Marca, Jamie Wilkinson, Adrian Boyce, John Güven, Steven P. Hollis, Julian F. Menuge, Aileen L. Doran, Stephen J. Piercey, Mark R. Cooper, J. Stephen Daly, Oakley Turner, Brian McConnell, Hannah S. R. Hughes, Hannah S. R. Hughes, Magdalena M. Matusiak-Małek, Iain McDonald, Ben Williamson, James Williams, Guy Dishaw, Harri Rees, Roger Key, Simon Bate, Andy Moore, Katie McFall, Iain McDonald, Dominque Tanner, Manuel Keith, Karsten M. Haase, Daniel J. Smith, Reiner Klemd, Ulrich Schwarz-Schampera, Wolfgang Bach, Sam J Walding, Gawen RT Jenkin, Daniel James, David Clark, Lisa Hart-Madigan, Robin Armstrong, Jamie Wilkinson, Gawen RT Jenkin, Hugh Graham, Daniel J Smith, Andrew P Abbott, David A Holwell, Eva Zygouri, Robert C Harris, Christopher J Stanley, Hannah L.J. Grant, Mark D. Hannington, Sven Petersen, Matthias Frische, Fei Zhang, Ben J. Williamson, Hannah Hughes, Joshua Smiles, Manuel Keith, Daniel J. Smith, Chetan Nathwani, Robert Sievwright, Jamie Wilkinson, Matthew Loader, Daryl E. Blanks, David A. Holwell, W.D. Smith, J.R. Darling, D.S. Bullen, R.C. Scrivener, Aileen L. Doran, Steven P. Hollis, Julian F. Menuge, John Güven, Adrian J. Boyce, Oakley Turner, Sam Broom-Fendley, Aoife E Brady, Karen Hudson-Edwards, Oakley Turner, Steve Hollis, Sean McClenaghan, Aileen Doran, John Güven, Emily K. Fallon, Richard Brooker, Thomas Scott
The small Cristal Zn deposit is located in the northernmost part of a wide mining district, the ‘Charlotte Bongará Zinc Project’, which covers an area of approximately 110 km2 in the Amazonas district (Northern Peru). The mineralised area consists of many Zn occurrences with mixed sulphide and nonsulphide ores. The nonsulphide ores are the product of weathering of primary sulphide bodies, genetically representing a MVT mineralisation. The Zn concentrations of Bongará-Cristal are hosted in the platform carbonates of the Condorsinga Formation (Early Jurassic) in the Pucará Group. The nonsulphide mineralisation consists mainly of semi-amorphous orange to brown zinc ‘oxides’ that include hemimorphite, smithsonite and Fe-(hydr)oxides. The most significant mineralised areas are present at Esperanza and Yolanda occurrences, which were also most densely explored. In these occurrences, the supergene Zn-carbonates and silicates infill solution cavities, or replace the carbonate host rocks and/or the primary sulphides. The analyzed drillcores are mainly from Esperanza, where the zinc content associated with hemimorphite-rich layers can reach ∼53 wt.% Zn (average Zn grade is around 20 wt.%). Germanium concentrations are significant at Cristal, with values around 200 ppm measured on bulk rock.