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Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds
Published in W. M. Haynes, David R. Lide, Thomas J. Bruno, CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 2016
W. M. Haynes, David R. Lide, Thomas J. Bruno
Name Danburite Datolite Daubreelite Derbylite Diaspore Digenite Diopside Dioptase Dolomite Douglasite Dyscrasite Eddingtonite Eglestonite Emplectite Enargite Enstatite Epidote Epsomite Erythrite Eucairite Euclasite Eudialite Eulytite Euxenite Ferberite Fergussonite Fluorite Franklinite Gahnite Galaxite Galena Galenabismuthite Ganomalite Gaylussite Geikielite Gibbsite Glauberite Glauconite Glaucophane Gmelinite Goethite Greenockite Grossularite Gypsum Halite Hambergite Hanksite Harmotome Hausmannite Haüyne Hedenbergite Helvite Hematite Hemimorphite Herderite Hessite Heulandite Hornblende Huebnerite Humite Formula CaB2Si2O8 CaBSiO4(OH) Cr2FeS4 Fe6Ti6Sb2O23 AlO(OH) Cu1.79S CaMg(SiO3)2 CuSiO2(OH)2 CaMg(CO3)2 K2FeCl42H2O Ag3Sb BaAl2Si3O104H2O Hg4OCl2 CuBiS2 Cu3AsS4 MgSiO3 Ca2Al2FeOH(SiO4)3 MgSO47H2O (Co,Ni)3(AsO4)28H2O AgCuSe BeAlSiO4(OH) (Na,Ca,Ce)5(Fe,Mn)(Zr,Ti) (Si3O9)2(OH,Cl) Bi4(SiO4)3 (Y,Ca,Ce,U,Th)(Nb,Ta,Ti)2O6 FeWO4 (Y,Er,Ce,Fe)(Nb,Ta,Ti)O4 CaF2 ZnFe2O4 ZnAl2O4 MnAl2O4 PbS PbBi2S4 (Ca,Pb)10(OH,Cl)2(Si2O7)3 Na2Ca(CO3)25H2O MgTiO3 Al(OH)3 Na2Ca(SO4)2 (K,Na,Ca)1.6(Fe,Al,Mg)4.0Si7.3Al0.7O20 (OH)4 Na2Mg3Al2[Si8O22](OH)2 (Ca,Na2)[Al2Si4O12]6H2O FeO(OH) CdS Ca3Al2(SiO4)3 CaSO42H2O NaCl Be2(OH,F)BO3 Na22K(SO4)9(CO3)2Cl Ba[Al2Si6O16]6H2O Mn3O4 (Na,Ca)4-8Al6Si6O24(SO4,S)1-2 CaFe(SiO3)2 Mn4Be3Si3O12S Fe2O3 Zn4(OH)2Si2O7H2O CaBe(PO4)(Fe,OH) Ag2Te (Ca,Na2,K2)[Al2Si7O18]6H2O Ca2(Mg,Fe)4Al(Si7AlO22)(OH)2 MnWO4 Mg(OH,F)23Mg2SiO4 Crystal system rhombohedral monoclinic cubic rhombohedral orthorhombic cubic monoclinic rhombohedral rhombohedral orthorhombic rhombohedral rhombohedral cubic rhombohedral rhombohedral monoclinic monoclinic orthorhombic monoclinic orthorhombic monoclinic hexagonal cubic rhombohedral monoclinic tetragonal cubic cubic cubic cubic cubic rhombohedral hexagonal monoclinic hexagonal monoclinic monoclinic monoclinic monoclinic hexagonal orthorhombic hexagonal cubic monoclinic cubic rhombohedral hexagonal monoclinic tetragonal cubic monoclinic cubic hexagonal rhombohedral monoclinic orthorhombic monoclinic monoclinic monoclinic orthorhombic /g cm-3 3.0 2.98 3.81 4.53 3.4 5.55 3.30 3.5 2.86 2.16 9.74 2.8 8.4 6.38 4.5 3.19 3.44 1.67 3.06 7.7 3.1 3.0 6.6 5.5 7.51 5.7 3.18 5.21 4.62 4.04 7.60 7.04 5.6 1.99 3.85 2.42 2.80 2.7 3.19 2.10 4.3 4.8 3.59 2.32 2.17 2.36 2.56 2.44 4.84 2.47 3.53 3.32 5.25 3.45 2.98 8.4 2.2 3.24 7.2 3.3 Hardness n 7 1.63 5.3 1.624 5 6.8 2.8 6 5 3.5 3.8 2.5 2 3 5.5 6 2.3 2 2.5 7.5 5.5 4.5 6 4.3 6 4 6 7.8 7.8 2.5 3 3.5 2.8 5.5 3 2.8 2 6 4.5 5.3 3.3 6.8 2 2 7.5 3.3 4.5 5.5 5.8 6 6 6 5 5.3 2.5 3.8 5.5 4.3 6 2.45 1.694 1.680 1.65 1.500 1.488 1.541 2.49 n 1.63 1.652 2.45 1.715 1.687 1.70 1.679 1.500 1.553
Non-isothermal kinetic studies on the carbothermic reduction of Panzhihua ilmenite concentrate
Published in Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy, 2019
Wei Lv, Xueming Lv, Xuewei Lv, Junyi Xiang, Chenguang Bai, Bing Song
The ilmenite concentrate powder used in this study was supplied by Panzhihua Steel Company located in Sichuan province, China. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the ilmenite concentrate were recorded using a TESCAN VEGA 3 LMH and are shown in Figure 1. The specific surface area of the ilmenite concentrate was measured by ASAP 2020M. The results show that the BET surface area of the sample is 27.88 m2 g−1. Both SEM analysis and BET surface area measurement reveal that the surface of the ilmenite concentrate is compact. The size distribution of the particles was examined using a Mastersizer 2000. Figure 2 shows that the size of raw particles is less than 150 µm and that most particles are about 45 µm. X ray powder diffraction (XRD) and chemical component analysis of the samples were examined using a Rigaku D/max 2500PC and the results are shown in Figure 3. This reveals that the main phases in the raw sample are ilmenite (FeTiO3), geikielite (MgTiO3), and magnetite (Fe3O4). Chemical analysis (as pure oxides) of the ilmenite concentrate powder was conducted through chemical titration (wet chemical method). As shown in Table 1, the main impurities of the ilmenite concentrate are MgO, Al2O3, and SiO2, all of which are difficult to reduce. Graphite powder (≥ 99.9% purity, <13 µm particle size) was used for the carbothermic reduction.
A review on the recovery of titanium dioxide from Ilmenite ores by direct leaching technologies
Published in Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, 2018
Thi Hong Nguyen, Man Seung Lee
Titanium is the ninth most abundant element making up about 0.6% of the Earth’s crust (Das et al. 2013). Titanium is found in the form of ilmenite (40–80% TiO2) and mineral sand deposits, such as rutile (~95% TiO2), anatase (>95% TiO2), leucoxene (>65% TiO2) and other titanium minerals including brookite, perovskite, sphene, and geikielite (Kothari 1974; Kalinnikov and Nikolaev 2002; Zhu et al. 2011; Haverkamp et al. 2016). Among these ores, ilmenite (FeTiO3) is a major raw material for the manufacture of titanium products and its physical and chemical properties are shown in Table 1. Titanium products are widely used in industry owing to their special properties (Nayl et al. 2009a; Vásquez and Molina 2012; Awwad and Ibrahium 2013; Gázquez et al. 2014; Razieh 2014; Nurul 2016). About 95% of the produced titanium is used for the production of white titanium dioxide as a pigment to scatter light (Gázquez et al. 2014). TiO2 pigments have high refractive index which gives the potential for producing much greater opacity or hiding power, making TiO2 a much better pigment than other pigments (Gázquez et al. 2014). Other important features of TiO2 pigments are excellent resistance to chemical attack, good thermal stability and resistance to ultraviolet degradation. With these special properties, titanium dioxide pigments become raw materials for the manufacture of paints, papers, printing inks, rubber, floor covering, ceramics, pharmaceuticals, and other areas of chemical industry (Awwad and Ibrahium 2013; Gázquez et al. 2014; Razieh 2014). Metallic titanium has excellent corrosion resistance in chloride environment and high temperature resistance and thus it is commonly employed as a material in the aerospace industry (Awwad and Ibrahium 2013). Moreover, metallic titanium has also important applications in the construction of water desalination, chemical plants, and biomaterials (Nurul 2016). Since the growing demand for TiO2 and titanium metal, TiO2 pigment production is increasing to world production capacity of 6.5 million tons and titanium metal sponge production has also grown steadily to 214,000 tons in 2012 (Haverkamp et al. 2016). Adipuri et al. (2011) reported that the high production cost of metallic titanium has rendered the usage of metallic titanium in industry limited.