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Introduction
Published in K. Thangamani, S. Sundaresan, Fabric Manufacturing Technology, 2022
There are two methods by which yarn is numbered Indirect systemThis is the traditional system that originated from England. In this system length per unit weight is specified. The number of hanks (840 yards) present in 1 pound of yarn is defined as the yarn number or yarn count. Suppose in a particular yarn if 10 hanks (8,400 yards) weighs 1 pound, then the yarn count of that yarn will be 10s Ne. (“Ne” refers to English count.) In the indirect system, the higher the yarn number or count, the finer will be the yarn. For example, 40s Ne yarn will be finer than 20s Ne yarn.Direct systemIn the direct system, the weight per unit length is specified. The weight in grams per 1000 metres of yarn is defined as the yarn count and this count is called tex. For example if 1000 metres of yarn weighs 40 grams, then the yarn count is 40tex. In the direct system, the higher the yarn count number, the courser will be the yarn. For numbering filaments and fibres, another term is used: denier. Denier is defined as the weight in grams of 9000 metres of filament yarn.
Tufts
Published in Wen-Jei Yang, Handbook of Flow Visualization, 2018
Fluorescent minitufts were originally made from nylon monofilament, which is available in several convenient sizes from the commercial textile industry. The finest fiber that is readily available seems to be what is known as 15-denier. (The denier is a unit of measure employed in the textile industry. It corresponds to the weight, in grams, of a 9000-m length of the material.) Nylon in the 15-denier size has a diameter of 50 μm (about 0.002 inch). A smaller nylon filament is available in the form of a 30-denier 10-strand yarn. This yarn is untwisted so that it is relatively easy (although tedious) to unravel individual strands of up to 10 feet long. A single strand of this material has a diameter of 15 μm.
Polycondensation Polymers (Step-Reaction Polymerization)
Published in Charles E. Carraher, Carraher's Polymer Chemistry, 2017
Microfibers are not a new chemically distinct fiber, but rather the term refers to fibers that have smaller diameters. DuPont first introduced microfibers in 1989. Microfibers have diameters that are less than typical fibers. They are half the diameter of fine silk fiber, one-quarter the diameter of fine wool, and one hundred times finer than human hair. Denier, the weight in grams of 9000 m length of a fiber, is the term used to define the diameter or fineness of a fiber. While the definition for the thickness of microfibers is varied, a typical definition is that microfibers have a denier that is 0.9 denier or less. For comparison, the nylon stocking is knit from 10 to 15 denier fiber.
Architecture tailoring of smart knitted double face comfortable strain sensors for Intelligent (E-textiles) application
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2023
Adeel Abbas, Muhammad Sohaib Anas
Commercially accessible conductive polyamide yarn was used to manufacture knitted strain-sensing fabrics. The yarn had a multifilament architecture and was coated with metallic silver colloidal particles. The electrical resistance of 15 ± 2.5Ω/cm was experienced with a linear density of 150 Denier. The conductive polyamide was used in the linking course; however, base knitting was performed using 150 Denier polyester yarn. The electrical resistance of polyester was out of limit/beyond the measurement capability of the instrument, hence was purely insulating material. Sensing action was performed solely by conductive polyamide yarn in the fabric during the study. Physical characterization of utilized yarn was accomplished to verify the knitting efficacy, and results have been presented in Table 1. Both axial strength and elongation of conductive polyamide and base knitting polyester were comparable, indicating simultaneous mechanical failures in both yarns. However, the slightly less strength of polyamide served to increase the sensing efficiency, as minor ruptures made the polyamide capable of sensing the damages in polyester from start to end.
The effect of elastic yarn tension and alignment on the tensile and compression characteristics of weft-knitted spacer fabrics for cushioning applications
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2022
Mohammad Amirifard, Azita Asayesh
In order to investigate the protective behavior of spacer fabrics against compression, six different stretch weft-knitted spacer fabrics have been manufactured on a 7-gauge STOLL CMS T330 computerized flat knitting machine. The outer layers were knitted using 150/5 denier polyester multifilament yarn, and 110 denier polyester covered spandex filament yarn and 160 denier nylon monofilaments with 0.14 mm diameter were used as spacer yarn. These fabrics differ in the alignment of spandex yarn in the surface layers as well as the feeding tension of the spandex yarn. As illustrated in Table 1, the elastic yarns are laid in the surface layers using tuck and miss stitches in a way that the number of miss stitches in successive wales is different from S1 to S3. The elastic yarns were fed under two various feeding tensions. The spacer fabrics produced under lower tension (10 cN) and higher tension (18 cN) of spandex yarn are denoted as ‘L’ and ‘H’ in fabric coding, respectively. Furthermore, a reference spacer fabric without spandex yarns in the surface layers has been produced to be compared with other samples from the point of protection against compression. This sample is denoted as S4 in Table 1. The produced fabrics were relaxed on a flat surface and left to condition for 24 h at 25 °C and 35% relative humidity (RH).
A generalized method of measuring the Poisson's ratio of warp knitted fabrics under uniaxial loading based on image processing technique
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2022
Milad Razbin, Ali Asghar Asghariyan Jeddi, Dariush Semnani, Mohadeseh Ramzanpoor
The fabrics studied in this experiment were knitted by a 12 gauge Raschel knitting machine. The yarn used for all fabrics consisted of polyester yarn with a denier of 150. After the weaving process, the fabrics were subjected to additional treatment including washing at 40° C with detergent. The weights and thicknesses of the samples were measured according to ASTM D 3776 standard with dimension 100 and ASTM D 1777 standard at 20 g pressure, respectively. Densities of fabrics were also calculated according to ASTM D 3384 standard with dimension 25 25 The specifications of the samples are summarized in Table 2.