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Introduction
Published in Yip-Wah Chung, Monica Kapoor, Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering, 2022
The materials scientist, on the other hand, studies materials behavior in the other direction. For a given material, the materials scientist may examine how different methods of synthesis affect its structure. For example, there are two popular types of silicon solar cells: single- and polycrystalline (Figure 1.5). One way to grow single crystal silicon is by the Czochralski process. Single crystal cells are more efficient, with maximum solar energy efficiency up to 26%. Polycrystalline silicon can be grown by the Siemens process. The maximum efficiency of solar cells derived from polycrystalline silicon is a bit lower (23%), but these cells are cheaper. The materials scientist learns how different processing methods affect structure (single crystal versus polycrystals of different grain sizes) and how structure affects electronic properties of the resulting solar cell. This is the heart of materials science and engineering.
Bricks and Mortar: Micro/Nanoelectronics Fabrication
Published in John D. Cressler, Silicon Earth, 2017
Giant silicon crystal? Same basic idea. Melt the ultrapure silicon, lower a seed crystal into the vat, rotate it very slowly to ensure a round crystal, and then, over several days, under very, very tightly controlled conditions, gently “pull” the seed from the melt (Figure 7.11). This crystal-growth technique is called the Czochralski process (CZ for short, for obvious reasons). The result is a pristine silicon “ingot” or “boule.” Think 300 mm in diameter by 6 ft long (Figure 7.12). Silicon crystals are by any stretch the largest and most perfect
A comprehensive review of different types of solar photovoltaic cells and their applications
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2021
Neelam Rathore, Narayan Lal Panwar, Fatiha Yettou, Amor Gama
The Czochralski process is used to manufacture the monocrystalline solar cell (Srinivas et al. 2015; Wurfel and Wurfel 2009; Dmitrijev 2006). During this Czochralski process, Si crystals are cut from big sized ingots. Precise processing is required while manufacturing the large single crystal hence making this process of ‘recrystallising’ more expensive. Although the efficiency of monocrystalline silicon solar cells lies between 14% and 18% (Bertolli 2008), but the leading company SunPower Corporation (2015) manufactured the modules having an efficiency of 20.4% which was measured by NREL (2015) (Gul et al. 2016).