China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Production
Published in Wanda Grimsgaard, Design and Strategy, 2023
Coated and uncoated: We usually talk about two main groups of paper: coated and uncoated. Uncoated paper has a rougher surface. Examples of uncoated paper are newsprint and paper commonly used in book production. Coated paper is treated with one or more layers of coating, usually chalk, clay, latex and binding agents, to give the paper certain printing properties. Examples of coated paper are magazine paper, and paper for art catalogues and art books. Coated paper is further divided into two main types; matte or glossy.20
Comparison of Ontario’s roundwood and recycled fibre pulp and paper mills’ performance using data Envelopment analysis
Published in Journal of Management Analytics, 2021
The demand for the pulp is driven by demand for end products (for example, newsprint, kraft paper, linerboard, bleached paperboard, tissue paper, uncoated paper, and coated paper), which has varied significantly between different products. Some grades of paper, primarily newsprint and other print categories, have been experiencing falling demand due to the introduction of new forms of electronic communication, including e-books, e-readers and tablets. The corrugated packaging sector, on the other hand, has seen an increase in demand, as more people use online shopping, most of which is shipped in corrugated containers (AAC, 2015). Additionally, the decreased demand for certain paper grades has been mitigated by rising demand for others, including tissue, paperboard and specialty products, which primarily use recycled fibre. Packaging and industrial papers have been the bright spot in the Canadian paper industry, with demand fuelled by economic growth and rising consumer expenditures on food and general merchandise. However, based on the value of the Canadian shipments, the shipments of different pulp and paper product categories have stabilised in recent years, and the dramatic rate of decline in newsprint demand has slowed down (Statistics Canada, 2018). Although Ontario’s pulp exports to the U.S. have significantly declined from their peak in 2000, the province still enjoys a healthy pulp trade surplus totalling CAD 381.9 million (AAC, 2015). The capacity utilisation in the pulp and paper industry in Ontario has rebounded significantly, after witnessing number of mill closures and conversions.
LCA of an ice cream cup of polyethylene coated paper: how does the choice of the end-of-life affect the results?
Published in Environmental Technology, 2019
Carla Buccino, Carmen Ferrara, Carmela Malvano, Giovanni De Feo
The main aim of this study was to evaluate the environmental performance of the entire life cycle of an ice cream cup of polyethylene (PE)-coated paper through the LCA as well as to perform a contribution analysis. In order to verify how much different disposal options affects the total impact of the ice cream cup life cycle, two possible disposal scenarios were compared: 100% incineration and 100% landfilling. Moreover, another objective of the work was to define the mathematical function able to give the value of the environmental impact (for the main categories) on the basis of the percentages of incineration and landfilling.
Effect of Porous Materials on Explosion Venting Overpressure and Flame of CH4/air Premixed Gas
Published in Combustion Science and Technology, 2023
Chunji Zhuang, Zhirong Wang, Yanqiong Zhang, Yawei Lu, Kai Zhang, Qin Jiang, Hui Huang, Zhan Dou
As shown in Figure 1, the experiments were performed in a spherical vessel with a neck made of Q345R steel. The spherical vessel measured 600 mm in diameter and 110 L in volume; the length and diameter of the neck were 250 and 60 mm, respectively, and the end of the neck was opened as a vent. The experimental measurement system comprised an ignition device with an ignition energy of 6 J, a gas distribution system, a pressure-measuring unit, a flame image acquisition system, and a data acquisition and analysis system. The pressure transmitters were coated by a silicon grease layer to avoid thermalization effects, wherein pressure transmitters PT1 and PT2 were installed in the back wall of the spherical vessel and on the neck 200 mm away from the vent cover, respectively. Polyethylene-coated paper (PEK) offers better sealing and isolation, a higher tensile strength, and exceptional tearing strength; therefore, PEK was selected as the explosion venting burst membrane in the experimental study. PEK comprises a base paper and polyethylene coating, which is evenly coated on the surface of the base paper using a membrane processing equipment, and it is obtained after drying. The thickness of the PEK burst membrane δPEK = 0.1 mm, and the static activation pressure Pstat = 0.0799 ± 0.0018 MPa. Pressure transmitters PT3, PT4, and PT5 were installed on a horizontal rod, and the distances from PT3, PT4, and PT5 to the vent cover were 200 mm (SV = 200 mm), 300 mm (SV = 300 mm) and 400 mm (SV = 400 mm), respectively. The explosion venting jet flame outside the spherical vessel was recorded using a Phantom V7.3 high-speed camera at a frame rate of 4000 fps, and the minimum exposure duration was 2 µs.