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Organic Materials for Third-Order Nonlinear Optics
Published in Hari Singh Nalwa, Seizo Miyata, Nonlinear Optics of Organic Molecules and Polymers, 2020
Carbon clusters have attracted attention for more than two decades; they are important and fascinating materials because of their chemistry and unique physics coupled with material science.80 Newly discovered highly stable icosahedral-cage molecule C60 fullerene is also a higher carbon clusters.81 Solid C60 species is a polygon with 60 vertices and 32 faces, 20 of which are hexagonal and 12 of which are pentagonal, that has a soccer ball structure. Each C60 unit has electron-deficient pentagons and six electron-rich 6:6 bonds facing its 12 nearest neighbors. It is an aromatic molecule in which all valences are satisfied by two single bonds and one double bond and the outer and inner surfaces give rise to an ocean of TT electrons. C60 has the symmetry of the icosahedral group, and the diameter of the C6U molecule is ~0.7 nm, which is capable of incorporating a variety of atoms. The laser vaporization of a variety of carbonaceous materials such as polyimides, coal, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons yield C60. The higher fullerenes such as C70, C76, C84, C90, C94, and C7(1O can be isolated and characterized spectroscopically. The even-numbered carbon clusters of giant structures with as many as 600 carbon atoms can be formed by laser deposition of soot. Fullerenes are some of the most extensively investigated materials.82-84
Detail review on chemical, physical and green synthesis, classification, characterizations and applications of nanoparticles
Published in Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews, 2020
Irfan Ijaz, Ezaz Gilani, Ammara Nazir, Aysha Bukhari
The fullerenes may be C60 or C70 Show in Figure 4. The fullerenes consist of nanomaterial in the form of hollow cage. Due to their electrical conductivity, electron affinity, structure, strength and versatility, it becomes noteworthy commercial interest (25). Fullerenes consist of carbon units in the form of pentagonal and hexagonal shape. The carbon atoms in fullerenes are linked to each other by sp2 hybridized. The fullerenes made of C60 or C70 having diameter 7.114 and 7.648 nm. The fullerene may be single layer or multilayer.