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Green Synthesized Carbon-Based Nanomaterials: Synthesis and Properties
Published in Shrikaant Kulkarni, Ann Rose Abraham, A. K. Haghi, Renewable Materials and Green Technology Products, 2021
Binila K. Korah, Neena John Plathanam, Anu Rose Chacko, Mamatha Susan Punnoose, Thomas Abraham, Beena Mathew
The similarity in the icosahedral symmetry and closed cage structure of fullerene to that of geodesic dome build by American architect Richard Buckminster Fuller, fullerene is called buckminsterfullerene. It consists of 60 carbon atoms arranged in the shape of a soccer ball, hence it is also known as buckyball. The discovery of fullerene received appreciation with Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1996.169,170
Onion-Like Inorganic Fullerenes from a Polyhedral Perspective
Published in Klaus D. Sattler, st Century Nanoscience – A Handbook, 2020
Ch. Chang, A. B. C. Patzer, D. Sülzle, H. Bauer
Molecules which consist of atoms forming a closed cage have been known long since. However, it was not until the discovery of the celebrated C60 molecule (Osawa 1970; Kroto et al. 1985; Krätschmer, Fostiropoulus, and Huffman 1990; Krätschmer et al. 1990), which represented the hitherto unknown third allotropic and the first molecular form of carbon that initiated a tremendous growth of interest in similar species and opened up a whole new branch of molecular physics and material sciences. It was this breakthrough that made the explosive growth of a new area of molecular science possible. The C60 molecule was named buckminsterfullerene after R. Buckminster Fuller, a noted architect, developed the art of constructing buildings in the shape of geodesic dome-like polyhedra whose triangulated surface contains vertices where five and six faces meet. In the following time, a multitude of other smaller and larger carbon cage molecules Cn with n even, ranging from n = 20 to several hundreds which are now all generally called carbon fullerenes, were investigated both theoretically and experimentally. The great variety in structural architecture of these systems seems to be almost infinite. Until today, a diversity of carbon molecules with unusual shapes and geometric arrangements have been discovered, a wealth of morphologies, ranging from single or several nested polyhedral cages, graphitic sponges, tubes to even tori (Stephens 1993; Terrones et al. 2004), nanohorns, and nanocones (Yudasaka, Iijima, and Crespi 2008).
Carbon Onions
Published in Mihai V. Putz, New Frontiers in Nanochemistry, 2020
The best known of these molecules is Buckminsterfullerene, C60, which has 60 carbon atoms forming a truncated-icosahedral structure with 12 pentagonal rings and 20 hexagonal rings (Figure 3.1). Other spherical carbon molecules, such as C180, C240, and C320, were also obtained over the next decades (Prinzbach et al., 2000; Piskoti et al., 1998; Kroto, 1987). The structures are essentially that of a soccer ball. The coordination at every carbon atom is not planar but rather slightly pyramidalized at every carbon atom. In other words, some sp3 character is present in the essentially sp2 carbons of fullerenes. While regular hexagons can tile a plane, pentagons can tile a sphere. The simplest example of pentagons tiling a sphere is a pentagonal dodecahedron with twelve pentagons. The structure of C60 can be visualized as being obtained by spacing apart the pentagons of the pentagonal dodecahedron with hexagons. The key feature of the fullerenes is the presence of five-membered rings which provide the curvature necessary for forming a closed-cage molecule. Such structural motifs are not new to chemistry – particularly in the chemistry of elemental boron, C60-like orientations are ubiquitous (Rao et al., 1995).
Transition metals doped fullerenes: structures – NLO property relationships
Published in Molecular Physics, 2019
Shuo Liu, Feng-Wei Gao, Hong-Liang Xu, Zhong-Min Su
Over recent decades, extensive progress has been made in NLO field, particularly in carbon-based materials, they are carbon nanotubes (CNTs) [31–33], graphene [33–38], fullerenes [39–43] and phthalocyanines [9,44–46], etc. Furthermore, plenty of research efforts in fullerene science made it possible to obtain fullerene in mass quantity and studies have pointed that fullerene derivatives show nonlinear optical properties [39], there are mainly three kinds of fullerene derivatives: exohedral fullerene [47], endohedral fullerene [48] and heterofullerene [49]. Buckminsterfullerene (C60), as the most abundant specie of fullerene generation, is an electron-deficient polyolefin, spherical in shape with a crystallographic diameter of 0.7 nm. It has been established that all fullerenes obey the isolated-pentagon rule (IPR), which requires all pentagons are isolated in the most stable fullerene [50]. It has a triply degenerate low-lying lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO), therefore it seems to be a pre-eminent electron acceptor to accommodate electrons. So far, heterofullerenes show remarkable NLO response owing to π-electron systems and charge transfer, it suggests that substituted fullerenes might be a great use of projecting and synthesising NLO materials.
Encapsulation of small fullerenes into nitrogenated holey nanotubes: a density functional theory study
Published in Molecular Physics, 2019
Roya Majidi, Michael Odelius, Farzaneh Babaee
Since 1980s, many new carbon allotropes such as fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, and graphene have been successfully synthesised and become a hot topic of research [1–3]. Fullerenes are zero-dimensional carbon materials consisting of closed shapes of sp2 hybridised carbon atoms. Buckminster fullerene (C60) with 60 carbon atoms arranged into 12 pentagons and 20 hexagons is the most abundant form of fullerenes [1,4]. Theoretical predictions and experimental findings showed that C60 crystals are n-type semiconductors with direct band gaps [5]. The discovery of ultra-fast photo induced electron transfer from conducting polymer to fullerene has made C60 the most preferred material for organic solar cells [6–8]. The fullerenes smaller than C60 have become the focus of recent research after the successful synthesis of C20 fullerene [9].
Detail review on chemical, physical and green synthesis, classification, characterizations and applications of nanoparticles
Published in Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews, 2020
Irfan Ijaz, Ezaz Gilani, Ammara Nazir, Aysha Bukhari
He wrote the book “Engine of creation” in 1986. In this book, he firstly used a world of tiny mechanics and assemblers. With atomic-level precision, these tiny mechanics and assemblers construct a new structure in 1981, Gred Bining and Heinrich Rohrer discovered a scanning Tunneling microscope (STM) and they got the Noble prize in 1986. The position of individual surface atom can be determined by using (STM). In 1980 Richard E.Smalley and coworker discovered a Buckminsterfullerene. It is the molecule of carbon in soccer ball shaped. Buckminster fullerene is a buck ball which was man-made allotropes of carbon. Richard E. Smalley won the noble prize in 1996, because he discovered Bucminster. SumioIijima discovered carbon nanotubes (15).